Bancroft  Librw* 


MOM 


Southern   Pacific 

REPRESENTATIVES  PASSENGER  DEPARTMENT 

CHAS.   S.  FEE,  Passenger  Traffic  Manager San  Francisco,   C; 

JAS.  HORSBURGH,  JR.,  General  Passenger  Agent San  Francisco,  Gj 

R.  A.  DONALDSON,  Assistant  General  Passenger  Agent San  Francisco,  C; 

H.  R.  JUDAH,  Assistant  General  Passenger  Agent San   Francisco,  C; 

PAUL  SHOUP,  Assistant  General  Passenger  Agent San   Francisco,  C: 

T.  A.  GRAHAM,  Assistant  General  Passenger  Agent Los  Angeles,  C; 

WM.   McMuRRAY,  General  Passenger  Agent,   Oregon  Lines Portland,   Oi 

].   M.   SCOTT,  Assistant  Gen.  Passenger  Agt.,  Oregon  Lines Portland,  Oi 

"D.  E.  BURLEY,  Gen.  Pass.  Agt.,  Lines  East  of  Sparks Salt  Lake  City,  Ut 

D.   S.   SPENCER,  Asst.  Gen.  Pass.  Agt.,  Lines  East  Sparks.  Salt  Lake  City,  Ut 

THOS.  J.  ANDERSON,  General  Pass.  Agent,  G.  H.  &  S.  A.  Ry Houston,  Tt 

fos.  HELLEN,  General  Passenger  Agt.,  T.  &  N.  O.  R.   R Houston,  Tt 

F.  E.   BATTURS,  General  Passenger  Agt.,  M.  L.  &  T.  R.  R New  Orleans,  I 

Al.  O.  BICKNELL,  General  Passenger  Agent,  A.  &  C.  R.  R.,  C.  Y.  R.  &  P.  R.  1 

G.   V.  G.  &  N.   Ry.,   M.  &  P.   &  S.   R.   V.   R.   R..   Sonora  Ry... Tucson,   Ar 

G.  F.    JACKSON,    Assistant    Gen.    Passenger    Agt.,    Sonora    Ry.  .Guaymas,    Ah 

GENERAL     DISTRICT,     COMMERCIAL    AND     TRAVELING     AGENTS 

ATLANTA,  GA. — J.   F.   Van  Rensselaer,   General  Agent 124  Peachtree   Str. 

BALTIMORE,  MD. — B.   B.   Barber,  Agent Piper    Huildi 

BOISE,  IDAHO — 1).  P.   Stubbs,   District  Passenger  Agent,  O.   S.   L.   R.   R 

BOSTON     MASS. — E.   E.  Currier,   New  England  Agent 170  Washington   Str 

BUTTE,  MONT.— F.  D.  Wilson,  D.  P.  &  F.  Agt.,  O.   S.  L.  R.   R..IOS  N.   Main  Str 

CHICAGO,   ILL. — W.   G.   Neimyer,   General  Agent 120  Jackson   Boulevd 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO — W.  H.  Connor,  General  Agent 53   East  Fourth  Str 

DENVER,    COLO. — W.   K.    McAllister,   General  Agt.  ..313    Railway   Exchange   Build: 

DES  MOINES,  IA. — J.  W.  Turtle,  Traveling  Passenger  Agt 313   West  Fifth  Str 

DETROIT,  MICH. — F.   B.  Choate,   General  Agent 1 1    Fort  Str 

EL  PASO,  TEX.— A.  W.  Reeves,  General  Agent,  G.  H.  &  S.  A.   Ry 

FRESNO,   CAL. — C.   M.   Burkhalter,   District  Pass,   and  Freight  Agt 1013  J  Str 

KANSAS  CITY,  Mo. — H.  G.  Kaill,  General  Agent 901    Walnut  Str 

LEWISTON,  IDAHO— C.  W.   Mount,  General  Agent,   O.   R.  &  N.   Co.  ...  ,. ........  I 

Los  ANGELES,   CAL. — N.   R.   Martin,   District  Pass.   Agent.  .600  South  Spring  Stii 

MEXICO  CITY,  MEX. — W.  C.  McCormick,  General  Agent Calle  Gaiite,  Nil 

MONTEREY,  MEX.— E.   F.  O'Brien,  General  Agent Old  P.   O.   Build  | 

NEW   YORK,  N.   Y. — L.   H.   Nutting,  Gen.   Eastern  Passenger  Agt 349  Broad 

OAKLAND,  CAL. — G.  T.  Forsyth,  Dist.  Pass,  and  Frt.  Agt..  Cor.   i3th  &  Franklin 

POMONA,  CAL. — G.  L.  Travis,  Commercial  Agent 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA. — R.   T.  Smith,  Agent 632  Chestnut 

PITTSBURG,  PA. — G.  G.  Herring,  General  Agent 708-709  Park  Bui 

RENO,  NEV. — E.  W.  Clapp.  District  Pass,  and  Freight  Agent Depot  Bui 

RIVERSIDE,   CAL. — D.   W.   Pontius,   Commercial   Agent 

SACRAMENTO,  CAL.— John  C.    Stone,   District  Passenger  and  Freight  Agent... 

SANTA  ANA,  CAL. — C.  M.  Knox,  Commercial  Agent 

SANTA  BARBARA,  CAL. — L.  Richardson,  Commercial  Agent 907   State  k 

SALT  LAKE  CITY,  UTAH — D.  R.  Gray,  Dist.  Pass,  and  Freight  Agt.. 201   Main 

SAN   FRANCISCO,   CAL. — A.   S.   Mann,   District  Passenger  Agent Flood  Bi 

SAN  JOSE,  CAL. — E.  Shillingsburg,  Dis.  Pass.  &  Fr.  Agt.. 40  E.   Santa  Clara 

SEATTLE,  WASH.— E.  E.  Ellis,  General  Agent 608  First  M 

SPOKANE,  WASH.— W.  R.  Skey,  Trav.  Pass.  Agt  O.  R.  &  N.  Co.. 430  Riversid 

ST.  Louis,  Mo. — L.  E.  Townsley,  General  Agent 903  Olive 

ST.   PAUL,   MINN.— H.   F.   Carter,   Traveling  Passenger   Agent 376   Robert 

SYRACUSE,  N.  Y.— F.  T.  Brooks,  New  York  State  Agt.  .212  W.  Washington 

TACOMA,  WASH. — Robert  Lee,  Agent 1108  Pacific  A\ 

TUCSON,  ARIZ. — E.   G.   Humphrey,   District  Passenger  and  Freight  Agent . 

WALLA  WALLA,  WASH.— R.  Burns,  Dis.  Pass,  and  Freight  Agt.,  O.  R.  &  N.  C( 

WASHINGTON,   D.   C.— A.  J.  Poston,  Gen.  Agt.  Washington  Sunset  Route.... 

511    Pennsylvania 


Rudolph  Falck,  General  European  Passenger  Agent,  Amerikahaus,  25,  27,  Per 
Strasse,    Hamburg,    Germany;    49    Leadenhall    St.,    London,    E.    C., 
15    Pall    Mall,    London,    England;    25    Water    St.,    Liverpool,    Eng 
Wynhaven   S.   S.,   Rotterdam,   Netherlands;    n    Rue   Chapelle  de  Grace, 
werp,   Belgium;     39   Rue   St.   Augustin,    Paris,   France. 

HONG    KONG,    CHINA— T.    D.    McKay,    General    Passenger    Agent,    San    1 
Overland    Route. 

Ai8o  (2-15-07)  som 


THE  NEW  ARIZONA 


Homes  and  Wealth  for 
Out-of-Doors  Folks 


. 

By   A.   J.  WELLS 


^ 


Issued  by 

Passenger  Department 

San  Francisco,  California 
1907 


The  New  Arizona 

This  oldest  and  newest  of  cultivated  lands  is  especially  new 
in  the  section  lying  below  the  thirty-fourth  parallel.  Old  in 
ancient  occupation  and  civilization,  it  is  new  in  modern  progress 
and  development,  and,  with  a  background  of  mines  and  mining 
towns  and  camps  which  promise  to  be  permanent,  the  whole 
aspect  of  the  country  is  being  changed  by  farms  and  orchards. 

It  is  not  a  question  whether  Southern  Arizona  will  ever 
become  an  agricultural  country.  It  is  an  agricultural  country 
now,  and  was  a  land  of  the  farmer  before  history  was  invented. 
The  mysterious  people  who  built  towns  and  vast  houses  and  dug 
great  canals  from  which  to  water  the  land,  left  no  other  record 
of  themselves  save  that  they  were  farmers.  Where  they  led  the 
water  along  canals  which  they  ran  with  precision  without  instru- 
ments, and  made  the  desert  to  blossom  with  harvests,  the  Ameri- 
can farmer  now  comes  to  renew  the  old  farms  and  to  repeat 
faded  and  forgotten  harvests  by  modern  methods  of  culture. 

Southern  Arizona  is  not  a  desert.  It  is  a  land  of  many 
attractions,  of  strong  contrasts  and  surprises,  but  with  a  home- 
side  that  will  interest  you.  It  is  like  none  of  "the  States"  in 
appearance,  in  character,  or  behavior,  and  cannot  be  judged  by 
Eastern  standards.  It  has  a  character  and  individuality  of  its 
own,  but  you  must  get  close  to  it  to  feel  its  charm.  It  offers 
you  much,  but  you  will  not  hear  its  call  nor  feel  its  charm  from 
a  car  window. 


THE    LAY    OF    THE    LAND. 


The  face  of  the  country  is  rugged.  It  is  a  series  of  elevated 
plateaus,  highest  in  the  north,  but  reaching  sea  level  in  the 
extreme  southwest.  About  midway  of  the  Territory  there  is  an 
abrupt  descent  of  about  3,000  feet,  and  a  change  in  the  nature 
and  aspects  of  the  country.  The  north  is  broken  by  tre- 
mendous canyons,  is  both  naked  and  forested,  rich  in  pasture  and 


desolate  with  waste  lands,  has  the  Painted  Desert  and  the 
Mogollon  Forest,  and  is  cold  in  winter.  The  south  has  large 
plains  and  valleys,  fertile  tablelands,  detached  mountain  ranges 
and  single  peaks,  and  a  half-tropical  climate.  The  traveler  from 
the  north,  in  three  hours  by  rail,  comes  into  it  as  into  another 
country.  He  finds  river  bottoms,  rich  in  sediments ;  broad  val- 
leys, that  need  only  the  irrigating  ditch;  flat  plains,  that  seem 
to  constitute  the  body  of  the  country,  yet  are  shut  in  by  en- 
circling mountains,  and  he  finds  a  changed  atmosphere — soft 
airs,  almost  uninterrupted  sunshine,  and  the  evidence  of  having 
dropped  into  a  warmer  zone  in  the  orange  groves,  the  figs  and 
orchards  of  olives,  the  clusters  and  avenues  of  date  palms  and 
the  green  fields  of  alfalfa. 

He  has  an  ever-present  impression  of  immense  plains,  but 
is  never  out  of  sight  of  mountains.  There  are  extensive  mesas, 
or  tablelands,  and  there  are  valleys  so  wide  as  to  look  like 
prairies,  yet  Southern  Arizona  is  naturally  a  mountainous 
country,  and  great  mineral  wealth  is  scattered  all  through  it 
and  lies  everywhere  in  close  touch  with  vast  agricultural  re- 
sources. This  is  one  of  the  advantages  which  the  farmer  will 
quickly  appreciate. 

THE    LOOK    OF    THE    LANDSCAPE. 

Every  one  wants  to  know  of  a  new  or  little-known  region, 
"How  does  it  look?"  Here  the  features  of  the  landscape  are 
wholly  new  and  unfamiliar.  It  is  easy  to  exaggerate  the  charac- 
teristics of  such  a  country,  and  writers  and  picture-makers  show 
you  the  freaks  and  oddities,  rather  than  the  normal  and  general 
feature  of  the  country.  There  are  cliffs  curiously  eroded,  moun- 
tain forms  fantastically  shaped  and  carved  by  wind  and  rain; 
hillsides  whose  scattered  and  stunted  tree  growths  remind  one  of 
some  wasted  and  neglected  old  orchard,  and  there  are  cactus 
forms  which  are  widely  varied  and  chiefly  curious  because  we 
have  not  been  fortunate  enough  to  have  been  brought  up  in  a 
cactus  land.  You  will  be  struck  with  the  marvelous  clearness  of 
the  atmosphere,  and  will  note  how  neighborly  the  mountains 
seem,  how  black  the  shadows  cast  by  the  floating  white 
clouds,  and  how  vast  the  spaces  are  around  you  on  the 


Smyrna  Fig  Tree,  Salt  River  Valley 

plains.  Under  the  vast  canopy  of  the  sky  you  mark 
silence,  and  all  sounds  seem  swallowed  up  and  lost, 
feel  the  fascination  of  the  desert,  but  on  the  edge  of  it  or  in  th< 
midst  of  it,  homes,  gardens,  farms,  the  avenues  of  familial 
orchard  trees,  green  fields,  towns  and  cities,  make  a  new  im- 
pression upon  the  mind.  Familiar  things  as  we  knew  them  ii 
"the  States"  are  more  homelike  and  more  impressive  becaus 
seen  in  the  midst  of  strange  and  unusual  natural  conditions.  The 
familiar  picture  simply  has  an  unfamiliar  setting.  But  the 
strange  physical  aspects  of  this  land  only  serve  to  make  the  home 
and  the  cultivated  field  more  attractive,  as  the  desert  enhances 
the  beauty  of  the  oasis  in  its  midst. 

THE   WORK   OF   THE   RIVERS. 

Southern  Arizona  rivers  have  great  drainage  areas,  and 
few  countries  of  the  world  can  one  see  the  process  of  makinj 
farms  going  on  year  after  year  on  so  gigantic  a  scale.     Durinj 


times  of  flood  the  water  rushes  from  mountain  and  mesa  heavily 
charged  with  sediment,  and  every  flood  season  lifts  the  level 
of  the  valleys  a  trifle  higher.  Geologists  speak  of  "detrital  de- 
posits" developed  on  "a  grand  scale  in  Southern  Arizona,"  and 
of  the  "rich  alluvions"  of  the  chief  rivers  of  the  Territory.  It 
is  another  way  of  saying  that  the  rivers  are  sediment-bearing, 
and  that  they  drop  the  soil  they  hold  in  suspension  to  make  fruit- 
ful fields. 

This  soil-making  process  went  on  more  rapidly  in  other  ages, 
because  the  rainfall  was  then  torrential,  but  to-day  it  is  clearly 
visible,  only  now  it  has  this  disadvantage,  that  the  soil-carrying 
streams  constantly  tend  to  get  on  top  of  the  land  by  the  filling 
up  of  their  own  channels.  Thus  you  find  wide  river  bottoms 
and  a  tendency  to  make  new  channels,  or  to  break  away  entirely 
and  wander  in  a  new  direction  as  in  the  case  of  the  Colorado. 
These  delta  rivers  make  the  richest  lands  man  ever  farmed,  they 


Young  Cabbage  Patch,  Salt  River  Valley 
7 


LOWER   COLORADO  RIVER. 
SHOWING  IRRIGABLE  LANDS- 


need  to  be  controlled  by  damming  and  made  to  deposit  their  sur- 
plus waters  in  storage  reservoirs  for  the  good  of  the  land  they 
have  made  while  running  wild.  To  quote  Scripture :  "  And 
everything  shall  live  whithersoever  the  river  cometh." 

THE   FAT    VALLEYS. 

This  phrase  is  as  true  of  the  valleys  of  Arizona  as  it  was 
when  used  to  describe  the  valleys  of  ancient  Egypt.  Here  it  is 
striking!)'  impressive.  Yet  the  farmers'  side  of  Arizona  is  better 
than  it  looks.  It  improves  by  acquaintance.  When  the  practical 
man  looks  at  the  alluvium  of  these  valleys,  where  farms  have 
been  in  the  making  for  ten  thousand  years,  and  the  keen-eyed 
farmer,  who  knows  a  good  acre  when  he  sees  it,  digs  up  a  fistful 
of  this  sediment,  they  are  both  apt  to  say :  <l  This  is  it.  No 
worn-out  farms  here." 

The  Colorado  once  emptied  into  the  Gulf  of  California, 
perhaps  as  far  up  as  Yuma,  and  the  Yuma  Valley,  the  Imperial 
Valley  on  the  California  side,  and  all  the  vast  stretches  of 
sedimentary  soil  in  Mexico,  clear  down  to  the  present  head  of 
the  gulf,  were  formed  by  the  river.  Millions  of  acres,  long 
called  the  desert,  are  simply  the  delta  of  the  Colorado;  im- 
mensely rich  and  fathomlessly  deep.  Perhaps  nowhere  else  in 
the  world  has  one  river  reclaimed  so  much  from  the  ocean  for 
the  farmers'  use.  So  the  Salt  River  Valley  is,  in  fact,  a  delta, 
formed  by  the  Salt  River  and  its  affluent,  the  Verde,  this 
splendid  garden  being  an  immense  bed  of  silt,  spread  by  peri- 
odical overflows  through  the  centuries.  The  Gila,  too,  has  made 
an  oasis,  or  rather  a  series  of  oases,  across  the  entire  Territory, 
as  it  has  swept  about  from  side  to  side  of  the  valley,  leaving  its 
freight  of  sediment,  and  building  farms,  and  square  miles  of  rich 
land  clear  to  its  junction  with  the  Colorado. 

The  San  Pedro  and  the  Santa  Cruz  are  smaller  streams  in 
narrower  valleys,  but  they  have  carried  rich  farms  from  the 
borders  of  Mexico  and  dropped  them  all  along  their  way  to  the 
Gila.  The  San  Pedro  Valley  was  once  a  lake,  extending  from 
a  point  near  the  Mexican  border  to  beyond  Benson  on  the  South- 
ern Pacific  Overland.  The  clays  of  this  old  lake  bed  are  here  "cut 
through  by  the  river  to  a  depth  of  600  feet  or  more.  An 


artesian  boring  in  the  bottom  of  the  valley  penetrates  these 
sediments  500  feet  deeper,  proving  the  deposit  to  be  over  1,000 
feet  deep." 

Riding  over  the  plains  near  Casa  Grande,  we  crossed  the 
Santa  Cruz  again  and  again,  spread  out  like  the  fingers  of  one's 
hand,  flowing  sluggishly  through  the  soil  it  had  deposited.  For- 
merly it  ran  throughout  the  year  on  top  of  the  land.  Now  it  sinks 
and  disappears  for  a  part  of  the  season,  able  only  to  run  on  the 
dead  level  its  own  silt  has  made  when  pushed  by  floods. 

Now  these  are  literally  "fat  valleys,"  and  good  farmers  in 
them  can  live  on  "the  fat  of  the  land."  There  are  prosperous 


Field  of  Barley,  near  Yuma. 
10 


Third  Crop  of  Alfalfa  Hay,  Yuma  Valley 

farms  all  along  these  streams,  wherever  an  irrigating  ditch  can 
be  made  to  carry  a  "head"  of  water.  Here  are  settlements,  with 
their  towns,  their  schools  and  churches,  and  old-fashioned  farms 
with  their  wheat  and  barley  and  corn  and  hay,  their  cattle  and 
hogs.  If  one  wants  to  see  alfalfa  at  home — alfalfa  in  its  glory, 
falling  before  the  mower  six  and  seven  times  a  year,  and  green 
with  luscious  pasture  the  first  of  December  and  cows  feeding  on 
it  with  great  content,  let  him  traverse  the  Gila  Valley,  the 
Yuma,  the  Salt  River  or  the  valleys  of  the  Santa  Cruz  and  San 
Pedro,  as  I  did.  He  will  see  the  farmer's  side  of  Arizona,  and 
will  see  the  promise  and  possibility  of  a  land  that  only  wants 
good  farmers  and  lots  of  them. 

WHAT   THE   VALLEYS    PRODUCE. 

Crops  are  marked  by  great  variety.  This  is  one  of  the 
advantages  of  the  climate.  It  sets  no  sharp  limitations,  as  in 
colder  countries.  Given  fertile  soil,  few  sharp  frosts  in  winter, 
a  long  growing  season  and  seventy  per  cent,  possible  sunshine, 

11 


and  it  is  easy  to  guess  that  there  will  be  a  great  variety  of  crops. 
Both  the  temperate  and  semi-tropic  zones  will  be  represented  in 
the  product  of  the  fields. 

Cereals  and  Grasses. 

Wheat  is  grown  both  for  grain  and  hay,  and  is  sown  for 
either  a  winter  or  spring  crop.  There  are  large  flouring  mills 
at  several  points,  as  at  Phoenix,  Tempe,  Tucson,  Solomonsville, 
Thatcher  and  Safford,  and  much  wheat  is  shipped  from  Cali- 
fornia to  supply  these  mills.  From  forty  acres  of  wheat  hay 
205  tons  were  cut ;  grown  for  grain,  the  yield  is  from  thirty  to 
thirty-five  bushels  to  the  acre.  Barley  produces  from  four  to 
five  tons  as  hay  and  from  thirty  to  fifty  bushels  as  grain.  Both 
these  crops  can  be  pastured  in  winter  and  then  allowed  to  mature 
as  a  grain  crop,  paying  all  their  own  expenses  by  the  green  feed 
furnished.  Corn  is  planted  in  July,  and  often  follows  a  crop  of 
wheat.  I  saw  in  the  Yuma  Valley  a  fine  field  of  corn  ripening  in 
mid-November  that  was  planted  in  August.  Fine  crops  of  im- 
proved varieties  of  corn  are  grown  wherever  water  is  plenty  in 
the  late  summer.  Kaffir  and  Egyptian  corn  are  grown  also  and 
sorghum  is  a  profitable  crop.  But  the  great  forage  crop  of  the 
Southwest  is  alfalfa.  This  "Mexican  hay"  was  long  known  to 
the  army  mule.  It  yields  abundantly,  and  is  often  cut  seven 
times  a  year.  In  the  Salt  River  Valley  the  hay  harvest  lasts 
from  the  middle  of  March  to  November,  and  in  the  Gila  Valley 
I  saw  the  seventh  cutting  being  made  about  the  18th  of  No- 
vember. Eight  cuttings  have  been  made  in  the  Yuma  Valley. 
It  is  worth  from  $5  to  $15  per  ton,  the  higher  price  being  com- 
monly paid  after  the  first  of  December.  It  is  a  specially  valuable 
crop  in  this  country-  on  account  of  the  humus  and  nitrogen 
which  it  adds  to  the  soil,  while  for  hay  and  direct  sales,  for  the 
dairy  or  as  a  stock  fattener,  it  is  very  profitable. 

Sugar  Beets. 

There  is  a  sugar  factory  at  Glendale,  near  Phoenix,  with  a 
capacity  of  800  tons  daily.     A  crop  of  3,500  tons  and  an  average 
twenty-five  tons   to   the  acre  has  been   grown.     One  grower 


13 


'mfA'JS 


i 


$m 


produced  forty-two  tons  to  the  acre,  perhaps  the  largest  yield 
ever  known.  The  yield  on  the  Experiment  Station  grounds  has 
not  exceeded  eighteen  tons  to  the  acre  and  a  little  more  than  18 
per  cent,  sugar.  A  per  cent,  of  16  will  make  the  rate  per  ton 
at  the  factory  very  satisfactory  to  the  grower  and  a  probable  net 
return  per  acre  of  about  $70.  A  very  large  acreage  in  many 
sections  can  be  profitably  given  to  beet  culture. 

Other  Root  Crops. 

The  common  potato  needs  a  special  soil,  but  does  well  in 
many  places,  yielding  4,000  to  5,000  pounds  to  the  acre.  Two 
crops  are  grown,  so  that  one  can  have  "new  potatoes"  twice  a 
year.  The  best  results  come  from  planting  in  February.  Think 
of  that,  when  the  blizzards  are  blowing  and  the  ground  on  the 
old  farm  is  frozen  a  foot  deep.  The  less  valuable  crop  is 
planted  in  August. 

Sweet  potatoes  are  a  profitable  and  staple  crop,  producing 
well  and  of  fine  quality  in  suitable  soil.  Field  beets,  carrots, 
parsnips,  peanuts,  turnips  and  radishes  do  well.  The  whole  cata- 
logue of  vegetables  are  at  home  here.  Cantaloupes  are  as  fine 
as  any  ever  grown,  and  equal  to  the  famous  Rocky  Fords  of 
Colorado,  They  are  very  profitable. 

Deciduous  and  Citrus  Fruits. 

In  the  higher  valleys  apples  of  a  superior  quality  are 
grown,  and  plantings  can  be  greatly  multiplied  with  profit. 
Cherries,  pears  and  peaches  are  also  grown,  and  apricots,  prunes, 
grapes  and  raisins  are  adapted  to  most  of  the  sections.  Every- 
where the  home  orchard  may  be  grown,  and  in  many  places  fruits 
of  various  kinds  may  be  grown  commercially  with  profit. 
Oranges  and  lemons  will  grow  almost  anywhere  in  the  valleys 
we  have  mentioned,  but  in  the  Salt  River  and  Yuma  valleys 
they  not  only  do  exceedingly  well,  but  ripen  very  early.  A  car- 
load of  oranges  from  Phoenix  was  marketed  in  New  York  as 
early  as  December  8th,  having  been  shipped  November  25th. 
They  netted  close  to  $7  a  box.  Pomelos  or  grapefruit  are  pro- 
duced of  fine  quality  and  bear  the  fourth  year  after  planting. 

IS 


At  Work  with  Steam  Rock  Drill,  Laguna  Dam 

The  season  runs  from  November  to  May.  Around  Yuma  is  a 
large  region  where,  when  water  is  provided,  citrus  fruit  will  be 
largely  grown,  and  without  trouble  from  smut  or  scale  insects. 
Figs  grow  luxuriantly,  and  olives  are  wholly  at  home. 

The  Date  Palm. 

That  this  is  to  be  a  commercial  success  in  Arizona  is  beyond 
a  doubt.  The  experimental  orchard  of  the  Government,  three 
miles  south  of  Tempe,  has  met  all  expectations,  and  eleven  acres 
or  more  are  doing  surprisingly  well.  About  eighty  varieties  are 
being  tested,  and  it  will  not  be  long  before  the  best  ones  for 
the  region  can  be  determined.  It  is  believed  by  experts  that  a 
new  industry  will  be  established  in  the  Southwest.  The  bottom 
lands  of  the  Colorado  are  especially  looked  to  for  good  results, 
the  season  being  long  and  the  conditions  more  nearly  approaching 
those  of  Asia  Minor. 

Among  miscellaneous  products   honey   holds   a   good  place, 


I 


17 


and  one  notes  with  interest  the  colonies  of  bees  in  the  desert 
under  their  rude  screen  of  brush — the  "remudas"  of  the  Mexicans. 
It  will  be  seen  that  the  farmer  has  a  wide  choice  of  products, 
and  that  the  demand  in  the  nature  of  things  is  for  men  of  intelli- 
gence, who  can  take  up  new  industries,  or  adjust  themselves  to 
conditions  of  climate  and  methods  of  culture  which  are  new  and 
wholly  different  from  those  of  the  North  and  the  East.  Soil, 
irrigation,  live  stock,  methods  of  farming,  involve  something 
outside  of  the  average  experience. 

THE   PROMISE   OF   IRRIGATION. 

There  is  no  "dry  farming"  in  Southern  Arizona.  Without 
artificial  irrigation  no.  crops  are  grown.  With  sufficient  water 
there  is  no  failure  of  crops,  and  there  are  probably  10,000,000 
acres  of  tillable  land  in  the  Territory,  of  which  but  little  more 
than  half  is  privately  owned,  and  only  about  300,000  acres  are 
actually  irrigated.  This,  not  because  water  is  not  available,  but 
because  the  cost  of  providing  it  has  been  too  great  for  private 
enterprise.  The  Government  has,  therefore,  undertaken  to  pro- 
vide water  for  large  areas,  after  expert  examination,  and,  where 
once  giving  away  its  public  lands,  is  now  spending  millions  of 
dollars  to  make  some  of  them  productive. 

THE   FAITH    OF   THE   GOVERNMENT. 

Two  of  the  grandest  irrigation  plans  of  the  Reclamation 
Service  are  now  being  carried  out  in  Arizona.  These  are  known 
as  the  Yuma  Project  and  the  Salt  River  Project.  Both  are  im- 
mense, and  involve  much  time  and  great  expense  in  construction. 
The  Yuma  or  Laguna  dam  on  the  Colorado  River  is  of  the 
weir  type,  such  as  are  in  use  in  India,  and  it  is  located  on  a 
river  as  interesting,  if  not  as  famous,  as  the  Nile  of  Egypt, 
which  it  resembles.  The  Salt  River  or  Tonto  Basin  darn  will 
turn  back  the  combined  flow  of  the  Salt  River  and  the  Verde, 
forming  a  reservior  twenty-five  miles  long,  with  an  average 
width  of  one  and  a  half  miles.  This  will  impound  1,100,000 
acre-feet  of  water,  or  water  enough  to  cover  1,100,000  acres  of 
land  one  foot  deep.  And  the  land  actually  covered  by  this  vast 
artificial  lake  was  once  cultivated  by  the  cliff  dwellers,  the  out- 

19 


Harvesting  in  Yuma  Valley 

lines  of  their   long-abandoned   fields  being  clearly   visible   when 
the  first  white  farmers  penetrated  to  this  secluded  valley. 

THE    YUMA    LANDS. 

These  are  on  both  sides  of  the  Colorado,  in  California  and 
in  Arizona.  There  are  about  83,000  acres  in  the  latter  and  14,000 
in  the  former.  The  Yuma  Valley  is  largely  under  cultivation, 
but  a  water  users'  association  has  been  formed  which  has  entered 
into  contract  to  accept  and  use  water  under  the  Government 
system.  As  water  will  not  be  supplied  to  more  than  160  acres 
held  by  one  individual,  owners  of  larger  tracts  will  offer  the 
surplus  for  sale.  The  tendency  will  be  to  reduce  the  160  acres, 
smaller  tracts  being  more  profitably  worked  under  irrigation. 
In  communities  where  irrigation  is  the  established  order,  eighty 
acres  is  considered  too  large  a  holding  and  forty  acres  ample 
to  support  a  family.  Only  a  few  persons  will  care  to  irrigate 
the  full  limit  allowed  by  law,  and  this  will  put  many  acres  of 
valuable  lands  on  the  market. 

21 


There  are  other  lands  here  which  are  not  occupied.  Where 
the  Gila  River  approaches  the  Colorado  we  rode  for  fifteen 
miles  over  magnificent  land,  seeing  no  houses  or  signs  of 
ownership  save  a  cabin  or  two.  The  land  is  covered  by  mes- 
quite,  ironwood,  willows  and  cottonwood  trees  and  shrubs.  It 
is  easily  cleared,  the  wood  largely  paying  the  cost  of  removal, 
and  water  will  make  it  exceedingly  valuable  for  all  kinds  of 
crops.  It  will  all  be  under  canals  and  protected  by  levees,  both 
from  the  overflow  of  the  Colorado  and  the  Gila.  The  levees  will 
be  substantial,  constructed  for  permanency,  five  feet  above  high- 
water  mark,  and  planned  to  include  a  complete  system  of 
drainage.  Some  of  the  richest  lands  in  the  world  are  here,  but 
have  not  been  occupied  on  account  of  periodical  overflows.  The 
great  expense  of  providing  at  once  for  irrigation  and  protection 
is  being  assumed  by  the  Government,  and  will  be  charged  back 
to  the  land  and  returned  in  installments  for  ten  years.  Pay- 
ments will  not  begin  until  after  the  first  delivery  of  water.  The 
cost  of  water  has  not  yet  been  fully  determined,  but  will  be 
about  $35  per  acre.  There  will  be  an  annual  charge  for  main- 
tenance and  supervision,  probably  less  than  $1  per  acre.  Lands 
can  be  bought  cheaply  if  purchased  before  water  is  ready  for 
delivery.  Raw  lands  can  now  be  bought  for  $20  to  $50  and 
cultivated  lands  for  $75  to  $100,  with  a  strong  upward  tendency. 
If  the  cost  of  water  and  land  seems  high,  it  must  be  remembered 
that  the  quality  of  the  land  is  high  and  the  irrigating  system  not 
a  speculative  one,  in  which  a  profit  is  to  be  made  out  of  the 
water  user,  but  is  an  ideal  system,  the  cost  of  water  based  upon 
the  actual  expense  of  providing  it,  and  providing  it  under  con- 
ditions which  insure  an  ample  flow  at  all  times.  There  will  be 
no  favoritism.  The  man  above  you  will  not  get  more  than  his 
share,  the  man  below  you  will  not  get  less.  A  Government 
official  will  have  charge  of  the  distribution.  There  need  be  no 
concern  about  change  of  ownership,  nor  anxiety  about  low  stages 
of  the  river.  The  reservoir  will  take  care  of  that,  and  the 
driest  season  will  find  ample  water  for  all  uses.  The  farmer 
will  have  no  concern  save  about  his  laterals  and  the  proper  dis- 
tribution of  water  on  his  own  fields. 


22 


December  Roses,  Mesa,  Salt  River  Valley 


Ex-Governor  Alex.  Brodie  of  Arizona  says: 

"Under  water-storage  conditions  in  a  climate  as  mild  as 
that  of  the  Arizona  valleys  the  yield  of  crops  per  acre  will  be 
very  large.  Seven  crops  of  alfalfa  can  be  harvested  where  four 
are  now  produced.  Small  ranches  will  be  the  rule  under  such 
conditions,  and  the  population  will  be  greater  per  acre  than  in 
the  Middle  and  Eastern  States.  More  will  be  expected  of  a 
man  by  each  separate  acre,  and  the  capacity  of  each  acre  to 
produce  will  be  from  five  to  seven  times  greater  than  under 
natural  conditions." 

To  this  may  be  added  the  statement  of  Governor  Jos.  H. 
Kibbey,  that  "300,000  acres"  here  "will  fully  equal  1,000,000  acres 
of  the  best  farm  land  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  a  statement  not 
extravagant  when  it  is  remembered  that  irrigation  more  than 
doubles  the  productive  capacity  of  land.  It  is  certain  that  under 
irrigation  this  will  become  one  of  the  richest  agricultural  sections 
of  the  world,  and  the  faith  of  the  Government  is  pledged  to 
provide  a  complete  and  adequate  water  supply  and  protection 
from  floods. 

THE    SALT    RIVER    VALLEY. 

Here  is  the  largest  body  of  cultivated  land  in  Arizona,  and 
the  most  highly  developed.  It  is  an  oasis  of  palms  and  fountains, 
of  orange  groves  and  orchards  and  green  meadows  set  in  the 
midst  of  the  desert.  The  Salt  River  and  the  Verde  flow  from 
the  north,  and  the  valley  they  water  is  about  fifty  miles  long 
and  will  average  fifteen  miles  in  width,  so  that  here  are  nearly 
a  half  million  acres  of  delta  land. 

Not  all  is  irrigable,  and  at  present  only  about  125,000  acres 
are  in  cultivation.  Other  lands  have  been  reclaimed,  but  water 
has  not  been  sufficient  for  their  cultivation  at  all  times.  The 
remedy  again  was  storage  reservoirs,  but  these  were  too  costly 
for  private  enterprise,  and  the  Government  is  simply  doing  what 
private  capital  was  unable  to  do.  The  reservoir  which  is  being 
provided  will  not  only  supply  all  deficiencies,  but  irrigate  an 
additional  75,000  acres.  It  is  believed  that  the  reservoir,  once 
filled,  will  provide  for  three  years'  needs,  if  no  more  water 
should  be  added  from  the  natural  sources.  This  will  make  an 

25 


Grand  Canal,  Salt  River  Valley 


Onion  Garden,   Salt  River  Valley 

almost  ideal  condition,  and,  as  under  the  Yuma  system,  water 
will  be  supplied  for  but  160  acres  to  each  owner.  This  again 
will  lead  to  subdivisions,  and  land  will  be  for  sale  to  outside 
parties.  It  will  be  higher  in  price  than  the  Yuma  lands,  owing 
to  the  surroundings  and  the  proximity  of  a  larger  city,  but  new. 
settlers  will  find  room  and  the  opportunity  of  a  lifetime. 

This  valley  has  been  cultivated  for  forty  years,  and  before 
that  time  by  some  prehistoric  people  from  time  immemorial. 
They  made  it  the  granary  for  an  immense  population,  and  the 
lines  of  their  irrigating  canals  are  still  to  be  traced.  Experts 
say  that  the  fine  sedimentary  soil  of  this  valley  has  been  spread 
by  irrigation  hundreds  of  years  ago.  But  whatever  the  history 
of  this  valley,  it  is  today  one  of  the  beautiful  and  productive 

27 


gardens  of  the  Southwest,  and  the  full  supply  of  water  now 
assured  will  greatly  add  to  its  population  and  its  prosperity. 

Here  you  may  see  what  irrigation  does.  You  may  see  the 
wild  lands — the  lands  we  call  desert — on  one  side  of  the  road, 
and  on  the  other  the  fields  made  fair  by  cultivation.  The  canal 
by  the  roadside  is  the  dividing  line  for  some  distance  between 
the  barren,  desert  waste  on  the  one  hand  and  the  luxuriance  of 
a  semi-tropic  garden  on  the  other.  It  is  worth  going  far  to  see 
the  change  wrought  in  the  desert  by  the  turning  on  of  water. 

The  great  irrigating  works  of  the  Reclamation  Service  will 
be  completed  within  two  years.  The  cost  of  delivering  water 
under  the  Tonto  Basin  system  is  not  yet  determined.  It  will 
be  paid,  as  at  Yuma,  in  ten-year  installments,  and  in  the  mean- 
time, while  the  great  dam  is  being  finished  and  canals  and  tun- 
nels provided,  the  perfection  of  the  system  and  the  natural 
attractions  of  the  valley  will  tend  to  advance  the  price  of  land. 
Lands  can  now  be  bought  for  as  low  as  $65  an  acre,  but  prices 
depend  upon  location. 

WATER  AS   A   FERTILIZER. 

The  intelligent  farmer  will  ponder  the  situation  here  and 
at  Yuma.  He  will  properly  emphasize  the  value  of  the  system 
provided  by  experts,  unhampered  by  questions  of  cost  and 
backed  by  the  Reclamation  Service  of  the  Government.  He  will 
consider,  too,  the  character  of  the  soil,  and  he  will  remember 
that  such  soil,  irrigated  by  silt-bearing  streams,  never  wears 
out.  This  is  the  testimony  of  the  most  ancient  nations — the 
Egyptians  on  the  Nile,  the  Babylonians  by  the  Tigris  and 
Euphrates,  the  Hindoos  by  the  Ganges  and  the  Indus,  the  Chinese 
by  the  Hoang-ho  and  the  Yang-tse-kiang,  and  the  mysterious 
people  who  farmed  the  plains  of  Arizona.  It  is  calculated  that 
four  average  acre-feet  of  Colorado  River  water  at  Yuma  will 
add  about  one-quarter  of  an  inch  of  soil  each  year.  The  Salt 
River  carries  less  silt,  but  sufficient  to  constantly  enrich  the 
land.  A  deficiency  of  the  desert  soil  is  nitrogen  and  organic 
matter,  except  under  irrigation.  The  rivers  supply  this  without 
expense  to  the  farmer,  a  summer  flood  of  the  Gila  being  known 
to  carry  172.3  pounds  of  nitrogen  in  the  alluvium  contained  in 

29 


Almond  Trees  in  Arizona,  near  Mesa 

an  acre-foot  of  water.  Different  observations  have  shown  that 
the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  sediments  has  ranged  from  4.8 
pounds  in  an  acre-foot  in  the  Colorado  to  5.5  pounds  in  the 
Salt,  to  28.1  pounds  in  the  Gila. 

"These  facts,"  Professor  Forbes,  of  the  Arizona  University, 
says,  "merely  serve  to  give  definite  form  to  the  knowledge,  as 
old  as  human  history,  that  river  irrigating  sediments  increase  the 
productiveness  of  the  land." 

The  cost  of  fertilizers  in  the  Southwest  is  thus  eliminated, 
and  no  severity  of  cropping  will  wear  out  the  land.  Indeed,  the 
Laguna  dam  is  constructed  so  as  to  eliminate  a  part  of  the 
sediment.  This  dam  is  4,750  feet  long,  250  feet  wide,  and  but  19 
feet  high.  It  is  an  overflow  weir  dam,  and  its  great  length  is 
desirable  in  order  to  pass  the  waters  of  the  Colorado  over  it 
in  a  broad  sheet  of  shallow  depth.  The  accumulating  sediment 
will  be  sluiced  out  at  the  ends  of  the  dam  and  not  allowed  to 
pass  into  the  canals.  The  great  dam  creates  a  broad  reservoir, 
which  acts  as  a  settling  basin.  But  the  sediment  which  no  en- 

30 


gineering  device  can  arrest,  and  which  is  wanted  upon  the  land, 
sediment  rich  in  decomposed  granite,  rock-dust  and  storm-sweep- 
ings from  grazing  districts, — this  the  practical  farmer  and  or- 
chardist  will  keep  in  mind  in  buying  these  lands.  He  can  work 
them  a  lifetime,  bequeath  them  to  his  children,  and  they  can  pass 
them  on  unimpaired.  The  farmers  will  wear  out,  but  the  soil 
never.  How  much  is  such  land  worth  ? 

IRRIGATION    AND    THE    PIONEERS. 

It  is  worth  something  to  a  man's  peace  of  mind  to  be  under 
the  irrigating  systems  now  being  provided  by  the  Government 
in  the  two  great  valleys  of  the  Territory.  But  if  one  wishes 
to  see  how  the  early  settlers  have  managed,  or  came  to  locate 
in  some  of  the  smaller  valleys,  where  land  may  be  purchased 
at  lower  rates,  it  will  pay  to  visit  some  of  the  older  communi- 
ties in  the  Gila,  the  San  Pedro  or  the  Santa  Cruz  valleys.  In 
the  Gila  Valley,  in  Graham  County,  we  found  five  or  six  towns 
wholly  supported  by  the  agricultural  settlements  around  them. 
The  valley  here  is  about  forty  miles  long  by  from  two  to  ten 
miles  wide.  The  soil  is  the  usual  sandy  alluvium,  the  deposit  of 
the  rains  and  the  river,  and  we  have  never  seen  finer  fields  of 
alfalfa  or  more  thrifty  orchard  trees.  From  Solomonsville  we 
rode  to  Safford,  Thatcher,  Layton,  Pima,  seeing  all  along  the 
road  broad,  level,  green  fields  and  promising  orchards.  The 
staple  crop  is  alfalfa,  and  at  one  point  the  road  led  through  a 
dozen  miles  of  it,  broken  only  by  an  occasional  orchard.  Land- 
owners, agents  and  merchants  alike  assured  me  that  here 
alfalfa  land  was  worth  $100  an  acre  as  an  investment,  and  that, 
where  all  the  labor  was  hired,  it  would  pay  10  per  cent,  per 
annum.  It  rents  for  $10  an  acre  cash  rental,  or  for  one-half 
of  the  crop.  The  pasture,  after  cutting  six  or  more  crops, 
carrying  the  harvest  up  to  November,  will  pay  taxes  and  water 
rates. 

OLD-TIME  FARMING. 

Barley,  wheat  and  corn  are  raised,  the  last  named  following 
a  crop  of  barley  the  same  season.  Sweet  potatoes  are  very 

31 


Thoroughbred  Stock  —  an  Important  Industry  in 
Salt  River  Valley 

profitably  grown;  and  poultry,  the  dairy  and  hogs  here  make  a 
good  combination.  The  mining  towns  afford  a  good  market. 
Apples  do  well  here,  the  elevation  being  about  3,000  feet,  which 
will  generally  secure  a  superior  apple  in  this  climate. 

Horse-raising  is  followed;  graded  cows  are  being  intro- 
duced; and  a  creamery  is  being  established.  "The  only  place  I 
ever  saw,"  said  one  to  me,  "where  all  of  the  farmers  have  money 
all  the  time."  It  is  a  tribute  to  the  wisdom  which  produces  a 
variety  at  once  for  home  and  market — corn,  pumpkins,  apples, 
squashes,  sweet  potatoes,  barley,  wheat,  alfalfa,  fat  cattle,  horses, 
milk,  pork,  dairy  products  and  honey.  The  water  in  the  irrigating 
ditch  and  the  almost  uninterrupted  growing  season,  mean  some- 
thing always  maturing  to  turn  into  cash. 

The  Santa  Cruz  is  a  smaller  valley,  but  with  similar  con- 
ditions. It  heads  in  Old  Mexico  and  reaches  up  beyond  Tucson. 
Here,  close  by  the  city,  is  a  large  ranch,  watered  from  the  little 
river,  and  devoted  to  the  production  of  milk  and  butter  and 


32 


graded  stock.  The  waters  of  the  Santa  Cruz  mostly  disappear 
before  reaching  Tucson,  but  are  easily  reached  by  wells,  and 
pumping  plants  will  make  an  extensive  acreage  available  at 
various  points.  On  the  train,  as  I  went  up  to  Nogales,  I  got 
into  conversation  with  a  young  man — almost  a  boy — who  had 
been  "taking  in"  the  cities  of  Phoenix  and  Tucson,  and  who 
confided  to  me  that  he  had  a  hundred  tons  of  alfalfa  to  sell.  It 
was  worth  $15  per  ton  in  any  of  the  markets.  Here,  too,  corn 
and  barley  were  raised,  but  this  young  farmer  said  that  he 
could  always  get  about  7  and  10  cents  per  pound  for  his  hogs 
alive  and  dressed.  Given  alfalfa  for  pasture  and  a  little  corn 
to  harden  the  porkers  for  market,  and  there  is  "good  money"  in 
such  farming.  Prosperous  farmers  are  scattered  all  along  the 
narrow  valley,  and  the  mining  towns  near  by  make  the  best 
home  market  in  the  world. 

The  Santa  Cruz  is  a  mission  valley,  and  the  old  church  of 
San   Xavier   del    Bac,   built   by   the  Jesuits   in   1678,   stands   near 


Palm  Drive,  Blaisdell  Ranch,  near  Yuma 

33 


i 


Mission  San  Xavier  del  Bac,  near  Tucson 

Tucson,  still  in  good  repair.  Mission  valleys  were  always 
chosen  with  an  eye  to  their  beauty  and  advantages,  and  this 
one  deserves  the  attention  of  the  home  seeker. 

Here  are  numerous  traces  of  former  occupancy  and  evidences 
that  the  ground  was  cultivated.  The  bottom  lands  are  very  rich, 
and  it  is  believed  that  30,000  acres  can  yet  be  irrigated  from  the 
sunken  waters  of  the  river. 

The  Rillito  Valley  merges  into  the  Santa  Cruz  just  north 
of  Tucson.  It  skirts  the  foothills  of  the  Catalina  Mountains  for 
many  miles,  and  has  a  good  many  substantial  homes.  Hay,  grain, 
fruits,  vegetables  and  other  products  are  supplied  to  the  Tucson 
market.  Strawberries  and  melons  are  unsurpassed. 

The    San    Pedro    is    another    southern    valley,    quite    in    the 

34 


southwestern  corner  of  Arizona,  but  stretching  north  even  to 
the  Gila.  It  is  forty  or  fifty  miles  long,  but  wide  only  in 
spots.  It  is  well  settled,  chiefly  by  Mormons  from  Utah,  whose 
energy  and  push  have  made  them  substantial  farms.  Irrigation 
is  provided  from  the  river  and  from  artesian  wells.  The 
valley  has  created  and  supports  St.  David  and  San  Marco,  and 
furnishes  supplies  to  Fairbanks,  Tombstone,  Bisbee,  Waco  and 
Douglas.  Little  has  been  done  in  planting  orchards,  but  the 
indications  are  that  fruit  and  nut  trees  will  do  well.  Potatoes 
and  beans,  melons  and  berries,  all  kinds  of  vegetables,  wheat, 
barley,  corn  and  alfalfa  are  products  of  the  valley. 

Other  small  valleys  are  the  Buckeye  and  the  Arlington, 
southwest  and  west  of  Phoenix,  and  irrigated  from  the  Gila. 
The  community  at  Buckeye  is  prosperous,  raising  cattle  and 
hogs  and  feeding  alfalfa.  Only  about  11,000  of  the  17,000  acres 


Oranges   and   Vines  —  Typical   Scene   in 
Salt  River  Valley 

35 


under  the  canal  are  in  cultivation.     Arlington  cultivates  a  much 
less  acreage,  and  feeds  cattle  and  produces  hay  for  market. 

A    REORGANIZATION. 

The  Casa  Grande  Valley  irrigating  canal  has  been  enlarged, 
after  long  disuse,  and  there  is  good  prospect  of  returning  pros- 
perity. A  new  intake  has  been  built  into  the  river  through 
solid  rock,  and  water  will  be  stored  in  a  reservoir  covering 
1,940  acres.  About  25,000  acres  can  be  irrigated  under  the 
system,  and  to  this  extent  we  believe  the  supply  of  water  to 
be  adequate.  The  purchase  of  land  will  include  a  water  right, 
and  it  is  proposed  after  five  years  to  turn  the  entire  stock  of 
the  corporation  over  to  the  purchasers  of  land,  who  will  there- 
after own  and  control  its  property  and  affairs.  Meantime  the 
cost  of  water  per  year  will  not  exceed  the  cost  of  maintenance 
and  operation.  The  valley  is  rich,  and,  with  a  good  water 
system,  properly  administered,  will  again  be  prosperous. 

These  are  examples  of  irrigation  in  private  hands,  and  they 
cover  the  agricultural  lands  available  under  present  water  supply. 
But  water  can  be  developed  and  much  land  reclaimed.  It  is 
chiefly  a  question  of  personal  energy  and  of  being  on  the 
ground  and  familiar  with  conditions  in  order  to  create  a  produc- 
tive farm  where  none  now  exists. 


WHAT   IS   IN   IT   FOR   ME? 

Most  men  must  first  debate  the  situation  from  a  distance, 
but  the  real  opportunity  is  for  the  man  on  the  ground.  That  is 
to  say,  some  time  should  be  given  to  "looking  around."  Every 
man  on  a  good  farm  in  Arizona  today  has  a  good  thing,  and  he 
got  it  for  the  most  part  by  being  able  to  "jump  at  the  chance" 
when  it  offered.  In  a  general  way  it  may  be  said : 

There  are  public  lands  here  and  there  that  can  be  irrigated. 

There  are  opportunities  in  the  Yuma  and  Salt  River  valleys, 
never  to  be  repeated. 

There  are  large  holdings  to  be  broken  up,  under  good  water 
rights. 

37 


There  are  artesian  belts  to  be  extended  by  new  borings  and 
pumping  plants  to  be  installed  wherever  sunken  rivers  can  be 
reached. 

There  are  dissatisfied  and  unsuccessful  men  to  be  bought 
out.  Mexicans,  who  only  half  cultivate  the  tract  they  own; 
restless  people,  who  will  sell  because  they  "want  to  move." 

These  are  but  hints  of  chances,  opportunities,  invitations, 
which  meet  the  wide-awake  man  who  is  on  the  ground  and  in 
position  to  accept  them. 

To  be  a  little  more  definite: 

The  sunken  streams  furnish  opportunities.  They  have  in 
them  homes,  farms,  whole  communities.  They  can  be  dammed, 
or  wells  can  be  sunk  and  the  water  lifted  to  the  surface  in  a 
hundred  places.  Neighbors  can  unite  in  this,  and  the  cost  be 
divided.  A  pamphlet  published  by  the  Arizona  University,  and 
for  free  distribution,  gives  details  as  to  cost  of  pumping  plants 
and  the  expense  of  lifting  water,  so  that  no  man  need  experi- 
ment or  risk  losing  his  money  in  a  field  with  which  he  is  not 
familiar.  On  the  Santa  Cruz  near  Casa  Grande,  on  the  San 
Pedro  and  the  Middle  Gila  productive  farms  can  be  made  in 
many  places  at  small  cost.  The  land  to  be  so  irrigated  can 
generally  be  had  for  a  few  dollars  per  acre. 

Along  the  foot  of  the  Graham  Mountains  many — perhaps  a 
hundred — farms  have  recently  been  located  on  public  land  and 
irrigated  from  artesian  wells.  The  region  is  not  all  occupied. 

At  Fort  Thomas  there  is  excellent  land  that  can  be  put 
under  a  ditch  already  built,  but  fallen  into  neglect.  The  energy 
necessary  to  clear  up  the  brushy  land  and  reorganize  the  water 
company  is  the  chief  thing.  The  land  is  rich,  but  low  in  price — 
$25  to  $35  per  acre — and  the  town  will  take  on  new  life  as  soon 
as  the  farm  lands  are  put  tinder  cultivation. 

Near  Thatcher  a  small  stream  can  be  impounded  and  several 
hundred  acres  watered.  It  is  a  proposition  that  an  energetic 
man  could  develop  with  small  capital.  In  both  these  cases,  for 
more  specific  information,  the  agents  of  the  railroad  at  Fort 
Thomas  and  Thatcher  will,  I  am  sure,  answer  any  inquiries. 


Southern  Pacific 


Related  Lines 


THE    PRICE    OF    LAND. 

But  little  satisfaction  can  be  given  those  who  inquire  the 
price  of  land.  So  much  depends  upon  the  location,  the  improve- 
ments around  it,  its  income-producing  capacity,  the  promise  of 
growth  in  the  community,  that  the  inquirer  at  a  distance  is  not 
able  to  determine  whether  the  price  is  low  or  high.  If  it  be 
thought  that,  after  paying  the  cost  of  water  to  the  Government 
and  paying  the  price  asked  for  land,  the  newcomer  has  paid 
well  for  his  farm,  the  answer  is  that  that  depends  upon  what  it 
will  produce.  Land  that  seems  high  may  have  a  high-producing 
power.  One  acre,  as  we  have  pointed  out,  may  equal  in  value 
two  or  three  acres  in  nnirrigated  regions  and  under  harsh 
climatic  conditions.  How  much  would  you  be  willing  to  pay  to 
have  your  crops  guaranteed  every  year  against  failure?  Yet 
this  is  what  irrigation  does.  How  much  would  you  pay  for 
"good  growing  weather"  protracted  from  March  to  December? 
Yet  land  in  such  a  climate  is  worth  more  than  land  where  the 
vagaries  of  the  weather  are  often  the  fanner's  worst  enemy. 
Here  the  growing  season  is  practically  all  the  year,  and  with 
water  in  a  land  where  water  is  precious  and  the  land  to  be  irri- 
gated is  limited  in  amount,  it  is  difficult  to  determine  the  values 
that  may  be  put  on  such  land.  Land  gets  its  value  because 
somebody  else  wants  it,  and  with  an  increasing  demand  from  a 
growing  population  somebody  always  wants  it.  There  is  not 
enough  to  go  around. 

Then,  too,  where  land  is  cheap  the  opportunity  to  earn  a 
living  is  usually  small. 

THE  FARMER  AND  THE  MARKET. 

This  is  a  short  chapter,  but  an  important  one.  The  Arizona 
farmer  has  a  good  home  market.  It  is  a  market  often  directly 
at  hand.  The  middleman  is  left  out.  Here  are  the  mining 
camps,  the  mining  towns  and  cities,  located  in  every  instance 
among  rugged  surroundings  where  nothing  can  be  grown,  nor 
even  a  cow  and  chickens  be  kept  with  profit.  Large  numbers  of 
people  who  are  well  paid  must  be  well  fed.  The  miner  pays, 
and  pays  in  coin.  These  mining  towns  want  all  that  a  farmer 
can  produce.  They  are  fairly  permanent,  often  large  and  grow- 

42 


ing,  accessible  by  roads  and  railroads,  and  a  farm  within  reach 
of  one  of  them  insures  a  good  income.  It  is  only  a  question  of 
intelligent  management. 

This  is  the  supreme  advantage  of  the  farmer  in  Arizona. 
In  the  nature  of  things  his  numbers  are  limited ;  there  is  no 
danger  of  over-production  while  his  markets  are  at  the  door 
and  are  steadily  growing.  Farmers  in  Arizona  will  get  better 
prices  and  come  nearer  having  a  monopoly  of  products  than  in 
almost  any  other  section  of  the  Union. 

ON   THE   RANGE. 

Stock  raising  is  a  large  industry  in  Arizona,  but  the  man 
who  follows  it  on  a  large  scale  or  on  the  open  range  must 
understand  his  business  and  know  the  country.  It  is  both  a 
profitable  business  and  a  perilous  one,  and  the  man  who  essays 
it  without  knowing  the  game  usually  gets  more  experience  than 
money. 

Over  wide  areas  in  Arizona  the  range  has  been  overstocked, 
and  the  native  grasses  killed  out.  Now,  whatever  grass  there  is 
must  grow  each  year,  and  this  leaves  the  range  at  the  mercy  of 
the  seasons. 

Practical  men  recognize  that  the  days  of  large  herds  on  the 
open  range  are  numbered.  The  range  today  is  almost  wholly 
occupied,  and  while  the  cattle  industry  is  still  a  large  one,  the 
tendency  is  to  have  smaller  herds,  better  stock,  better  care,  and, 
perhaps,  later  on,  enclosed  pastures.  The  alfalfa  field  will  be  a 
large  partner  in  the  business,  and  the  farmer  will  keep  more 
stock,  feeding  the  hay  he  raises  and  turning  off  fat  cattle  instead 
of  baled  hay.  Save  in  this  way,  there  is  not  much  room  for 
expansion  of  the  cattle  industry. 

There  is  room  in  localities  for  sheep  growing,  and  the 
Angora  goat  is  said  to  be  profitable,  but  cattlemen  are  the  tra- 
ditional enemies  of  sheep  and  goats.  The  breeding  of  high-grade 
horses  is  engaging  attention,  and  is  a  profitable  industry  in  the 
valleys.  The  climatic  conditions  favor  it,  alfalfa  and  barley  are 
easily  grown  and  no  shelter  is  required,  save  the  slightest.  In 
the  higher  localities,  at  from  2,500  to  4,000  feet,  alfilaria,  the 
"filaria"  of  early  California,  is  getting  a  footing,  and  will  sup- 

43 


La   Fortuna   Mine,  near  Yuma 

ply  much  feed.  It  is  easily  sown,  and  a  rancher  with  some  un- 
tillable  land  could  soon  supply  good  feed  for  a  flock  of  sheep, 
and  carry  these  profitably  as  part  of  his  stock.  The  sheep  them- 
selves will  soon  spread  this  particular  pasture,  and  it  supplies 
nearly  continuous  feed  from  February  to  June. 

There  are  good  openings  in  all  these  lines  for  the  men  who 
know  how,  and  a  paying  industry  can  be  built  up  in  a  hundred 
localities  with  little  capital  at  the  start. 

THE    LAND    OF    THE    MINER. 

The  mining  industry  holds  first  place,  and  Arizona's  vast 
mineral  resources  show  no  signs  of  exhaustion.  Apparently  min- 
ing is  a  permanent  feature  of  the  industrial  life  of  the  territory, 
and  is  still  in  its  infancy.  It  is  not  our  purpose  to  dwell  upon 

44 


this  part  of  Arizona's  wealth.  Her  fame  rests  on  it,  and  it  needs 
no  exploiting.  Miners  deal  so  directly  in  the  precious  metals  that 
they  need  no  advertising.  We  make  use  of  them  here  as  a 
background  for  presenting  the  advantages  of  Arizona  to  men 
who  till  the  soil.  If  some  one  says  that  Arizona  is  not  an 
agricultural  country,  we  reply  that  any  country  is  agricultural 
which  has  a  fertile  soil  and  people  with  sense  enough  to  cultivate 
it.  Here  the  work  of  the  farmer,  the  fruit  grower  and  the 
stock  man  has  behind  it  a  well  organized  and  highly  prosperous 
industry. 

Gold  and  silver  mines  surrounding  the  old  missions  were 
worked  as  early  as  1736,  but  the  European  rush  did  not  begin 
until  1853.  In  less  than  thirty  years,  in  the  face  of  hostile  Indians. 
Arizona  had  reached  third  place  in  the  list  of  gold  producing 
States,  and  in  1882  put  nearly  $10,000,000  into  the  commercial 
veins  of  the  world. 

A  party  of  early  prospectors  dug  out  $1,800  in  nuggets  with 
their  knives  in  one  day,  and  the  "pocket"  finally  yielded  half  a 
million  dollars. 

The  Weaver  and  Lynx  Creek  districts  yielded  a  million  dol- 
lars each  in  a  few  years,  and  the  ore  of  one  famous  mine  was  so 
rich  that  the  miners  were  required  to  strip  and  be  searched  before 
leaving  the  mine.  Its  total  product  was  about  $16,000,000. 

Gold  is  found  here  both  in  quartz  and  in  placers,  and  is 
very  generally  distributed. 

Silver  was  early  found  in  great  masses.  One  piece  is  said 
to  have  weighed  2,700  pounds.  Between  1870  and  1875  wonder- 
ful deposits  of  silver  were  uncovered.  Practically  on  top  of 
the  ground,  silver  ore  was  found  rich  enough  to  bewilder  the 
finders,  and  in  a  few  years  produced  millions  of  silver  dollars.  One 
mine  alone  gave  up  $11,000,000  before  its  day  was  done.  Tomb- 
stone yielded  in  all  more  than  $30,000,000,  and  is  yet  rich,  the 
gold  content  of  the  ores  increasing  as  greater  depth  is  reached, 

COPPER   MINING. 

Some  of  Arizona's  copper  mines  are  among  the  greatest 
in  the  world.  It  is  estimated  that  in  the  last  twenty-five  years 

45 


! 


Arizona  has  produced  more  than  $160,000,000  worth  of  copper 
from  her  larger  mines. 

The  Copper  Queen  of  Bisbee  is  one  of  the  mines  with  a 
world  record,  as  also  the  Calumet  and  others.  The  United  Verde 
at  Jerome,  is  another  of  the  world's  great  producers.  The  Old 
Dominion  of  Globe  is  equally  famous,  while  Clifton,  Metcalf, 
Morenci  and  Imperial  are  great  copper  centers. 

The  output  as  a  whole  is  increasing  steadily,  and  a  copper 
mine,  with  copper  at  twenty  cents,  is  something  worth  having. 
It  may  be  more  valuable  than  a  gold  mine,  in  that  its  output 
is  regular  and  apt  to  be  lasting.  Copper  camps  become  cities 
and  are  reckoned  in  Arizona  as  among  the  permanent  industrial 
centers.  Clifton,  Morenci,  Globe,  Bisbee,  Jerome  are  all  im- 
portant towns  in  the  midst  of  vast  deposits  of  copper,  the  veins 
of  which  run  deep  and  wide. 

Great  mines  are  not  located  with  an  eye  to  human  conven- 
ience. The  miners  have  a  saying  that  "it  is  no  use  wasting  time 
to  break  rock  on  a  ledge  that  is  handy  to  wood,  water,  grass  or 
level  land,"  and  the  great  copper  mines  are  no  exception.  They 
are  here  amid  wild  and  rugged  surroundings  and  wholly  depen- 
dent upon  supplies  from  without — market  towns  for  the  small 
valleys  and  the  farms  of  the  Territory. 

The  counties  of  Southern  Arizona  all  have  considerable 
mineral  deposits,  and  some  of  them  are  good  producers.  Yuma 
County  shows  mines  in  all  parts  of  it,  some  of  them  very  rich. 
There  are  a  number  of  districts  and  many  camps,  all  of  which 
must  be  fed  from  without. 

Maricopa  is  more  distinctly  agricultural  than  any  of  the 
other  counties,  but  has  a  good  many  mines  in  active  operation. 
Within  sight  of  Phoenix  are  mineral  treasures  yet  to  be  ex- 
ploited, and  the  city  is  a  distributing  point  for  all  classes  of  sup- 
plies going  to  established  mining  camps  and  settlements. 

Final  County  has  mines  of  great  value,  the  Mammoth  being 
a  large  producer  of  gold.  There  are  more  than  forty  patented 
mines  in  the  county  and  considerable  activity.  Pima  County  has 
also  patented  mines,  and  a  good  many  new  claims  are  being 
recorded.  The  deposits  include  gold,  silver  and  copper.  The 

47 


placers  at  Greaterville  are  extensive  and  are  being  profitably 
worked. 

Graham  County  is  rich  in  minerals,  and  the  great  mines  of 
the  Arizona  Copper  Company,  the  Detroit  and  Shannon  com- 
panies, are  located  in  this  county.  These  are  copper  camps,  but 
there  are  also  mines  of  gold  and  silver.  The  rich  agricultural 
section  along  the  Gila  is  everywhere  within  reach  of  mining 
camps. 

Cochise  County  has  Bisbee  for  the  center  of  its  mining 
activity.  It  is  a  rich  district,  with  enough  farming  and  grazing 
lands  to  furnish  supplies  for  the  mining  towns  if  properly  de- 
veloped. 

Santa  Cruz  is  the  smallest  county  in  the  Territory,  away 
down  on  the  border  of  Sonora,  in  Mexico,  and  its  undeveloped 
resources  are  quite  extensive.  Notable  for  its  large  cattle  ranches, 
its  mineral  wealth  is  considerable,  and  Nogales  and  other  towns 
in  the  county  are  centers  for  supplies  of  all  kinds  for  the  nearby 
mining  districts. 

This  is  but  a  rapid  sketch  of  a  great  industry  and  is  not 
meant  to  be  full  and  complete.  The  first  industry  of  the  Terri- 
tory is  here  purposely  subordinated  to  other  interests  which  are 
not  so  well  known,  but  which  lie  at  the  foundation  of  things.  The 
farmer  is  closely  related  to  the  development  of  the  Common- 
wealth, and  we  have  wanted  the  Eastern  man,  or  the  man  from 
the  States  who  is  to  come  to  Arizona  to  farm  or  raise  fruit  or 
stock,  to  see  this  background  of  rich  mines  and  prosperous  min- 
ing towns — a  multitude  of  hungry  people  who  must  be  fed  and 
who  prefer  to  be  fed  from,  the  farm  rather  than  from  the  fac- 
tory— with  fresh  food  rather  than  with  canned  goods. 

There  is  a  vast  mineral  realm  yet  to  be  prospected  and  de- 
veloped in  Arizona,  and  every  new  mining  town  will  want  about 
it  a  zone  of  farms.  The  mines  will  make  the  farmer's  work  more 
profitable,  and  the  farmer  will  make  the  miner's  life  a  little 
easier  and  more  enjoyable.  The  miner  wants  to  get  away  from 
the  perpetual  menu  of  everything  canned,  and  hankers  not  so 
much  after  the  flesh-pots  as  fresh  vegetables  and  farm  produce 
to  put  into  his  own  pots  and  give  a  little  zest  to  the  monotonous 
round  of  a  prospector's  career. 


49 


University  Building,  Tucson 

SOCIAL    CONDITIONS. 

What  society  shall  we  find  in  Arizona?  Is  it  not  a  rude 
country  in  which  to  bring  up  a  family?  These  are  questions 
which  you  will  ask  and  ought  to  ask,  and  they  should  be 
answered  with  great  frankness.  I  will  not  dodge  it  by  saying 
that  one  generally  finds  the  kind  of  society  he  wishes  to  find  in 
any  community,  though  that  is  true.  "Birds  of  a  feather"  is  a 
proverb  based  on  observation  and  experience.  But  if  you  ask  :  "If 
I  want  to  find  good  society,  that  is  to  say,  people  of  good  morals, 
quiet,  cultivated,  refined  in  manners  and  opinion,  can  I  do  so  in 
Arizona?"  Certainly.  As  readily  as  in  the  average  community  in 
the  older  States.  Take  the  more  pronounced  features  of  com- 
munity life,  those  which  relate  to  social  or  moral  order :  Governor 
Joseph  H.  Kibbey  says  in  his  Annual  Report:  "I  think  I  can 
safely  assert  that  life  and  property  are  safer  in  Arizona  than  in 
many,  if  not  in  most,  of  the  States.  Nowhere,  I  am  sure,  can  a 
man  who  respects  himself  and  his  neighbor  and  his  neighbor's 
rights,  with  reasonably  strict  attention  to  his  own  business,  go 

SO 


about  with  more  freedom  and  with  greater  confidence  of  personal 
safety  than  he  can  in  Arizona.  Locked  and  barricaded  doors  are 
in  most  parts  of  Arizona  a  novelty.  The  professional  thief,  as 
he  is  known  in  the  older  and  more  thickly  populated  communi- 
ties, is  almost  unknown  in  Arizona."  This  is  probably  an  out- 
come of  the  earlier  days,  when  crime  and  all  offenses  against 
social  order  were  discouraged  by  a  very  swift  and  sometimes 
irregular  justice.  Miners  are  not  apt  to  stand  upon  ceremony 
nor  to  tie  their  hands  with  forms.  Society  had  to  make  itself 
in  the  old  but  unforgotten  days,  and  the  law  was  written  in  the 
market  places  as  well  as  elsewhere,  and  life  quickly  took  on  the 
nobler  qualities. 

Then,  too,  the  people  who  came  later,  and  who  have  left 
their  impress  upon  the  Territory,  are  of  the  Middle  West  and 
the  South,  from  the  stock  that  made  the  civilization  of  a  vast 
region.  Do  you  imagine  that  they  have  "turned  themselves  loose" 
in  this  free  country?  If  you  look  to  find  "degenerate  sons"  you 
will  be  disappointed.  Ten  years  ago  Hon.  Whitelaw  Reid,  now 
our  Minister  to  England,  said  of  Phoenix,  a  community  then  of 
10,000  people  employing  in  the  daytime  only  one  policeman  and 
hardly  requiring  him :  "During  my  winter  there  I  did  not  see 
a  single  disturbance  on  the  streets  or  half  a  dozen  drunken  men 
all  told."  And  of  the  country  as  a  whole,  he  said  that  one  would 
find  as  many  churches  as  in  towns  of  corresponding  size  in  Penn- 
sylvania or  Ohio,  and  probably  more  schoolhouses. 

Dr.  J.  A.  Munk,  of  Los  Angeles,  familiar  with  ranch  life  in 
Arizona,  says  of  the  people :  "They  will,  as  a  class,  compare 
favorably  with  those  of  any  other  community.  There  may  be 
small  surface  polish,  as  the  world  goes,  but  there  is  much  genuine 
gold  of  true  character  that  needs  only  a  little  rubbing  to  make 
it  shine.  Men  from  every  position  in  life,  including  college 
graduates  and  professional  men,  are  engaged  in  ranching,  and 
whoever  takes  them  for  a  lot  of  toughs  and  ignoramuses  is 
egregiously  mistaken." 

Dr.  Munk's  observation  that  "the  favorite  haunt  of  vice  and 
crime  is  not  in  a  sparsely  settled  community  *  *  *  but  in 
the  centers  of  population,"  is  absolutely  correct,  and  the  Eastern 
settler  who  begins  by  suspecting  his  Arizona  neighbor,  will  end 

51 


District  School,  Maricopa 

by  watching  himself.  The  quality  of  the  home  life  we  bring  into 
this  new  country  is  important,  and  if  we  care  for  the  best  things 
we  shall  find  plenty  who  will  agree  with  us. 

A  "pointer"  of  some  value  is  the  Women's  Clubs.  The 
Arizona  Federation  has  a  considerable  membership  and  twelve 
clubs  are  included  in  it,  distributed  through  ten  towns  and  cities. 
Their  object  embraces  town  improvement,  self-culture,  domestic 
science,  literature,  art,  music,  history,  civics,  philanthropy,  cur- 
rent events — a  wide  range  of  studies  and  all  related  to  the  de- 
velopment of  society.  You  can  count  upon  the  silent  steady 
influence  of  this  club  life.  Constancy  to  an  ideal — the  steady  pur- 
suit of  the  avowed  objects  of  club  life  are  making  women's  clubs 
everywhere  a  power  for  good,  and  their  strength  in  Arizona 
shows  the  quality  and  ambition  of  the  population.  You  can  safely 
trust  your  family  in  the  midst  of  such  society. 


52 


THE   SCHOOLHOUSE. 

The  home  seeker  will  find  as  much  interest  in  education  in 
Arizona  as  among  the  average  communities  of  the  East.  The 
Arizonians  have  an  efficient  school  system  and  are  proud  of  the 
fact.  Make  a  note  of  this,  for  it  proves  the  quality  of  the  citizen- 
ship. Both  school  and  church  are  fostered  in  the  towns  and 
villages,  as  well  as  in  the  cities  of  the  Territory. 

"There  is  scarcely  a  hamlet,  no  matter  how  isolated,"  Gov- 
ernor Kibbey  says  of  Arizona,  "which  does  not  enjoy  the  facilities 
of  a  public  school."  The  severe  examinations  which  the  teachers 
are  required  to  pass  and  the  high  salaries,uniformly  paid,  help  to 
secure  the  best  talent. 

The  law  requires  parents  to  send  their  children  to  the  public 
school  between  the  ages  of  eight  and  fourteen  years,  and  it  is 
generally  observed.  There  are  a  few  church  or  parish  schools, 
and  these  are  patronized  by  a  portion  of  the  Mexican  popula- 
tion, who  cling  to  the  Spanish  tongue  and  the  traditions  of  their 
race.  Practically  the  only  illiteracy  to  be  found  in  Arizona  is 
among  the  Mexicans. 


THE  UNIVERSITY. 

The  Territorial  University  is  at  Tucson.  In  addition  to  the 
usual  studies  and  provisions  for  scientific  and  classical  courses, 
instruction  is  provided  in  agriculture  and  in  the  mechanical  arts, 
and  in  mining  and  metallurgy. 

For  the  student  in  mining  engineering  the  University  offers 
great  advantages  as,  while  carrying  on  his  studies  and  experi- 
mental work,  he  can  see  the  actual  operation  of  great  mines  or 
the  development  of  new  mining  enterprises.  The  School  of 
Mines  offers  a  complete  four-year  course  or  a  short  two-year 
course  in  mineralogy  and  assaying. 

The  Agricultural  College  includes  the  departments  of  botany 
and  chemistry,  which  are  located  in  the  University  buildings. 
The  Experimental  Station  has  the  departments  of  agriculture, 
horticulture  and  animal  husbandry,  and  some  work  is  done  in  the 
study  of  the  weather  and  of  insects,  that  is  to  say,  meteorology 
and  entomology. 

•  53 


School   Building,  Tucson 

A  palm  grove  is  located  south  of  Tempe  and  near  Yuma, 
where  it  is  proposed  to  demonstrate  the  adaptation  of  soil  and 
climate  for  the  production  of  dates  on  a  commercial  scale. 

Near  Tucson  is  a  range  station  where  the  department  oi 
botany  in  co-operation  with  the  United  States  Department  of  Ag- 
riculture is  studying  certain  native  grasses  with  a  view  to  re- 
seeding  portions  of  the  range  country  worn  out  by  over-stocking 

Sugar  beet  plots  are  also  maintained  in  the  Upper  Gila.  The 
results  of  study  and  work  on  these  stations  are  made  known  in 
bulletins  and  in  "Timely  Hints  for  Farmers,"  put  into  plain 
language  and  issued  at  a  time  when  they  will  be  most  useful 
making  this  a  very  practical  "farmers'  college";  and  as  the 
Experimental  Station  is  a  department  of  the  University  it  keeps 
that  institution  closely  related  to  the  public  in  interest  anc 
welfare. 

The  University  has  a  good  agricultural  library,  a  seed  col- 
lection, greenhouse  and  gardens  for  experimental  purposes,  con- 
taining rare  and  interesting  plants.  A  tract  of  forty  acres  con- 
stitutes the  site  of  the  University,  about  a  mile  from  the  city. 

54 


Tuition  is  free  to  all  students  residing  in  the  Territory.  The 
faculty  consists  of  a  president  and  twenty-five  instructors. 

NORMAL    SCHOOLS. 

Both  the  north  and  the  south  have  Normal  Schools,  one 
being  at  Flagstaff,  the  other  at  Tempe,  nine  miles  from  Phoenix. 
The  interest  in  the  work  of  the  Normal  School  is  considerable 
and  the  attendance  has  steadily  grown  from  the  first.  The  one  at 
Tempe  was  opened  in  1886.  Diplomas  are  issued  to  graduates 
which  entitle  them  to  teach  in  Arizona  for  life.  These  diplomas 
are  accepted  in  California  and  other  States. 

High  Schools  are  organized  under  a  special  law,  one  being 
at  Phoenix,  one  at  Mesa  and  one  at  Prescott.  These  are  well 
accredited,  graduates  being  admitted  to  colleges  of  high  grade 
on  their  certificate. 

Much  attention  is  given  to  the  education  of  the  children  of 
the  Indian  tribes,  both  by  direct  action  of  the  Territorial  Govern- 
ment and  by  religious  societies.  The  Indian  of  Arizona  is  peace- 
able and  industrious  and  no  part  of  our  common  country  has  so 
many  native  farmers  "from  away  back."  They  are  farm  hands 
and  house  servants,  quiet,  faithful  and  respected.  Whole  tribes 
have  their  children  in  school  and  are  proud  of  their  advancement. 

Altogether  the  situation  is  full  of  cheer,  and  the  newcomer 
will  find  the  educational  atmosphere  very  much  like  that  of 
"home." 

CLIMATE   AND    SOME   OTHER   THINGS. 

If  you  ask  an  Arizonian  about  the  climate  in  his  "land  of 
little  rain,"  he  will  tell  you  that  "it  is  sure  fine."  He  knows. 
Those  who  have  been  longest  there  are  the  least  inclined  to  find 
fault.  The  combination  of  elements  which  make  the  climate  of 
the  Southwest  is  unusual,  and  cannot  be  duplicated  anywhere 
else.  There  is  more  sunshine,  greater  aridity,  more  rapid  evapo- 
ration and,  as  a  consequence,  more  electricity  in  the  air. 

It  is  hot  in  mid-summer,  but  so  it  is  in  New  York.  There 
are  three  months  of  uncomfortable  weather,  but  you  sleep  nights. 
The  sun  scorches  but  you  do  not  steam;  you  do  not  swelter;  you 

55 


Indian  School,  Phoenix 

are  not  parboiled;  you  do  not  become  limp  as  a  dish-rag;  you 
clothes  are  not  saturated.  The  disagreeable  feeling  of  moist  and 
sticky  garments  which  accompanies  profuse  perspiration  is  here 
changed  to  something  approaching  coolness.  It  is  due  to  rapid 
evaporation.  That  blue  vault  above  you  is  dry.  White  harmless 
clouds  may  sail  over  the  sun  without  obscuring  it,  and  they  can 
rarely  muster  enough  moisture  to  produce  a  shower.  Rain  may 
even  start  to  fall,  but  it  evaporates  in  mid  air  often,  none  of  it 
reaching  the  earth. 

The  percentage  of  sunny  days  is  about  70.  That  means  25< 
days  in  the  year  that  are  sunny,  while  the  sun  shines  some  part  o 
nearly  every  day.  The  winter  sometimes  shows  less  than  a  weel 
of  days  altogether  when  the  sun  does  not  shine  brilliantly  during 
some  part  of  the  day. 

The  rainfall  occurs  both  in  mid-summer  and  in  the  winter 
Showers  may  occur  every  month  in  the  year,  but  never  do  ir 
any  one  year,  and  the  actual  number  of  rainy  days  is  very  small 
The  ground  freezes  a  little  now  and  then  during  the  night,  anc 
white  frosts  occur.  Occasionally  light  snowfalls  occur,  but  in  th 
valleys,  it  remains  but  a  few  hours.  Arizona  weather  is  mostl; 
sunshine.  There  are  places  in  the  Territory  where  the  percent 
age  of  sunshine  is  greater  than  anywhere  else  in  the  United  States 
and  greater  even  than  Egypt. 

The  winters  are  full  of  charm.     The  temperature  averages 

56 


about  57  degrees  from  November  to  April,  inclusive,  the  lowest 
being  seldom  below  36  degrees.  An  overcoat  is  rarely  needed, 
and  the  nights  are  made  for  open-wood  fires  and  blankets.  You 
will  not  find  in  many  places  in  the  world  an  atmosphere  so 
singularly  clear,  so  tonic  and  dry  or  a  sky  so  blue. 

A    LAND    OF    HEALTH. 

Southern  Arizona  has  so  much  that  is  climatically  desirable 
and  so  little  that  is  disagreeable  that  it  has  become  widely  known 
as  a  health  resort.  Every  winter  both  the  cities  of  Tucson  and 
Phoenix  have  an  addition  to  their  population  of  from  three  to  five 
thousand  people  who  come  here  for  the  sake  of  the  outdoor  life 
that  is  possible.  An  increasing  number  of  these  from  every 
quarter  of  the  Union  remain,  explaining  in  part  the  rapid  growth 
of  these  two  cities,  and  testifying  to  the  quality  of  the  air  they 
find.  There  is  no  malaria.  Rainfalls  are  sometimes  violent,  but 
there  are  no  hurricanes,  cyclones  nor  tornadoes.  An  occasional 
dust  storm  is  almost  the  only  disagreeable  feature  of  the  climate. 

Travelers  say  that  the  air  of  Southern  Arizona  has  the  same 
exhilarating  qualities  as  the  air  of  the  great  Sahara  in  Northern 
Africa,  or  of  the  deserts  about  Mt.  Sinai  in  Arabia.  It  is  much 
drier  than  most  of  the  Nile  Valley,  or  the  parts  of  Morocco, 
Algiers  or  Tunis  usually  visited,  and  is  vastly  better  for  the  larger 
part  of  the  year  than  Nice  and  Mentone  in  the  South  of  France. 

HOT    SPRINGS. 

We  visited  the  Indian  Hot  Springs  of  Alexander  Brothers 
in  Gila  Valley,  finding  a  good  hotel,  with  dining-room  and  bath 
house  apart,  but  convenient.  The  hotel  is  of  stone  and  brick, 
three  stories  high,  and  has  private  baths.  There  are  ten  mineral 
springs  close  by,  both  hot  and  cold,  furnishing  a  million  and  a 
half  gallons  of  water  daily.  The  temperature  of  most  of  the 
springs  is  124  degrees,  and  analysis  shows  bromide  and  sodium 
carbonates,  iron,  etc.  These  springs  were  widely  known  among 
the  Indians,  who  came  long  distances  to  use  them.  A  mud  bath, 
an  outdoor  swimming  pool  of  large  size,  a  fish  pond,  shade  trees, 

57 


Court  House,  Phoenix 

lawns,  tents  and  cottages,  saddle  ponies,  game — black  tailed  dee 
— in  the  immediate  vicinity,  make  the  place  attractive  as  well  a 
physically  profitable  to  visit.  Competent  attendants  are  em 
ployed,  and  the  waters  are  said  to  be  highly  beneficial  in  case 
of  rheumatism,  gout,  dropsy,  liver  and  stomach  troubles  am 
affections  of  skin  and  blood. 

The  altitude  is  2,800  feet,  and  overlooks  the  Gila  river  am 
valley.  It  is  reached  from  Bowie,  on  the  main  Southern  Pacifu 
line,  the  traveler  taking  the  Gila  Valley,  Globe  and  Northerr 
Railroad  to  Ft.  Thomas,  or  being  dropped  at  the  crossing,  a  flag 
station  two  and  one-quarter  miles  from  the  hotel.  Patients  wil 
be  met  at  either  place. 

The  Aqua  Caliente  Springs  are  also  well  known  and  highl> 
valued.  They  are  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Maricopa  County, 
one  and  one-half  miles  north  of  the  Gila  River,  and  twelve  miles 
north  of  Sentinel  station  on  the  Southern  Pacific,  with  which  the 


58 


Springs  are  connected  by  stage.  The  springs  are  numerous  and 
vary  in  chemical  constituents.  The  resort  is  patronized  for  rest 
and  recuperation,  as  well  as  for  relief  from  various  forms  of 
disease. 

These  springs  have  the  advantage  of  being  set  in  the  finest 
air  for  the  invalid,  and  life  for  the  most  part  can  be  passed  in  the 
open  both  day  and  night. 

PREHISTORIC    RUINS. 

.About  eighteen  miles  from  Casa  Grande,  on  the  Southern 
Pacific,  are  the  ruins  of  the  same  name.  The  ethnologist  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institute  at  Washington,  Dr.  J.  W.  Fewkes,  under 
appointment  by  the  Government  is,  at  this  writing,  with  a  corps 
of  helpers,  uncovering  the  walls  which  surround  the  "grand 
house,"  a  portion  only  of  which  is  still  standing.  It  is  not  known 
how  old  this  house  of  four  stories  is.  The  wall  around  it  is 
about  400  feet  long,  a  rectangle,  and  inside  it  were  many  rooms. 
The  once  irrigated  fields  of  the  mysterious  people  who  lived  here 
spread  away  for  miles.  Originally  there  was  a  town  or  village 
here.  The  ruins  are  well  worth  a  visit,  and  this  can  be  cheaply 
made  from  the  station. 

ARIZONA   TOWNS. 

This  booklet  is  occupied  with  the  country-side,  the  soil 
and  the  products,  and  the  opportunities  and  advantages  of 
agricultural  life.  We  have  space  for  but  brief  mention  of 
the  principal  towns.  Generally  these  publish  folders  or 
booklets  of  their  own,  presenting  in  an  attractive  way  the 
facts  which  people  seeking  information  wish  to  know.  A 
card  sent  to  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  or  Board  of  Trade 
will  be  glady  responded  to,  and  promptly.  Yuma,  Tucson 
and  Phoenix  publish  attractive  booklets.  Send  for  them. 

Phoenix. 

This  is  the  Territorial  capital  and  the  county  seat  of 
Maricopa  County.  It  is  a  city  of  15,000  inhabitants,  and  has 
a  transient  population  of  from  3,000  to  5,000  tourists  who 

59 


I 


Washington  Street,  Phoenix 


spend   the   winter   here.     It   is   the   metropolis    of   Salt    River 
Valley,   the   most  beautiful   and   extensive  -irrigated   body   of 
land    in    Arizona.     Phoenix    is,   therefore,    in    the    midst    of 
farming  and  fruit-growing  district,  and  its  "back  country"  i: 
both    productive    and    attractive.     The    irrigation    of    largei 
areas,  now  possible  by  reason  of  the  great  Tonto  Basin,  wil 
increase  the  productive  countryside  now  tributary  and  insure 
the    growth    of    the    city.     It    is    laid    out    with    wide    streets; 
residence  avenues  are  well   shaded;   and  public  buildings   stam 
in  the  midst  of  parks. 

Five  lines  of  trolley  cars  make  access  convenient  to  al 
parts  of  the  city  and  suburbs.  Telephone,  electric  light  an< 
power,  gas,  ice  factory,  creameries,  machine  shops,  thre< 
daily  papers  and  several  weeklies,  a  well-equipped  ptibli< 
library,  high,  grammar  and  ward  schools,  private  and  parochi; 
schools,  an  industrial  Indian  school  three  miles  out,  thre( 

60 


theatres,  a  country  club,  twelve  churches  and  many  fraternal 
organizations  represent  the  city's  varied  features. 

The  Capitol  building  is  substantial  and  attractive,  sur- 
rounded by  fine  grounds  full  of  characteristic  trees  and  shrub- 
bery. Five  acres  are  laid  out  and  planted  to  trees.  Phoenix  has 
an  elevation  of  1,080  feet,  and  its  encircling  hills  and  southern 
exposure  give  it  an  attractive  winter  climate. 

Phoenix  has  a  deserved  reputation  as  a  health  resort. 
Here  is  a  warm,  dry  air,  comfortable  hotels  and  boarding- 
houses,  good  society,  luxuries  of  many  kinds,  the  freedom  of 
all-out-of-doors — the  charm  of  the  wilderness  with  the  refine- 
ments of  civilization.  Many  come  here  for  health,  find  it,  and 
stay  on.  The  attractions  of  the  climate  alone  will  make  Phoenix 
a  city  of  importance.  The  Board  of  Trade  and  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Immigration  for  Maricopa  County  issue  excellent 
folders  and  pamphlets  which  give  all  necessary  information. 
They  will  be  sent  on  application. 


Cactus  Garden,  near  Phoenix 

61 


•'  1 


Tempe. 

This  is  a  pretty  little  town  of  1,500  inhabitants,  nine 
miles  from  Phoenix,  on  the  south  side  of  Salt  River.  It  is  the 
center  of  a  rich  agricultural  district.  A  twenty-acre  date 
orchard  has  been  set  out  by  the  Government  near  Tempe, 
and  more  than  a  score  of  varieties  imported  from  Morocco 
have  been  brought  into  bearing.  A  Territorial  normal  school 
is  located  here,  with  a  group  of  commodious  buildings  and 
well-laid-out  grounds.  Tempe  is  already  a  prominent  community 
and  one  which  is  rapidly  advancing. 


Mesa  City. 

Is  sixteen  miles  from  Phoenix  and  is  the  nearest  railroad 
point  to  the  dam  site  in  the  Tonto  Basin.  A  road  has  been 
constructed  from  here  to  Roosevelt,  the  construction  camp 
in  the  basin,  and  furnishes  sixty  miles  of  fine  mountain 
scenery.  Mesa  has  a  population  of  1,200,  and  over  700  children 
are  enrolled  in  the  schools. 


A  Tucson  Residence 

63 


Santa  Rita  Hotel,  Tucson 
Tucson. 

This  is  at  once  the  oldest  and  the  newest  of  Arizona 
towns.  "The  ancient  and  Honorable  Pueblo"  of  the  sixteenth 
century  has  become  a  modern  city,  and  is  growing  rapidly. 
It  is  the  seat  of  Pima  County,  located  on  the  main  line 
of  the  Southern  Pacific  about  500  miles  east  of  Los  An- 
geles and  300  miles  west  of  El  Paso.  Great  building  activity 
has  marked  the  past  two  years.  The  natural  resources  of  the 
region  and  the  attraction  of  the  climate  will  keep  up  the  growth 
which  has  begun. 

Here  are  both  agricultural  and  mining  resources  and  an 
educational  center  of  consequence.  The  Territorial  University 
is  located  here,  and  excellent  public  schools.  Tucson  is  also  a 
railroad  center  of  considerable  importance.  The  general  offices 
of  the  division  superintendent  of  the  Southern  Pacific  are  here, 
and  large  machine  shops.  The  pay-roll  calls  for  the  distribution 
of  over  $100,000  every  month.  An  extensive  passenger  depot  is 
being  erected  and  a  club  house  for  railway  employees  has  been 
completed.  A  new  freight  depot  of  immense  capacity  will  soon 

64 


be  completed,  with  city  delivery  tracks.  A  direct  line  south  from 
Tucson  to  connect  with  Southern  Pacific  extensions  is  now 
being  built  into  the  richest  States  of  Mexico  and  on  directly  to 
the  capital  city  itself. 

The  climate  attracts  the  health  seeker.  The  people  of 
Tucson  claim  that  the  climatic  conditions  are  unequalled.  Dur- 
ing the  warmer  months  of  summer  the  mountains  are  cool, 
easily  reached,  and  have  several  attractive  resorts.  The  streets 
of  the  city  are  well  shaded  and  some  of  the  best  hotels  of  the 
Southwest  are  here.  The  invalid  can  find  luxurious  quarters  or 
pleasant  yet  inexpensive  boarding-houses,  but  many  live  for  the 
most  part  in  the  open  air  and  not  a  few  find  tent-life  wholly  com- 
fortable. A  desert  laboratory,  devoted  to  the  study  of 
desert  plant  life,  attracts  much  attention  from  scientists.  A 
Carnegie  library  is  also  here. 

For  those  wishing  good  schools  or  the  advantages  of  the 
university  where  a  mild  climate  is  desirable  for  some  mem- 
ber of  the  family,  nothing  in  the  West  is  more  promising  or 
interesting  than  Tucson.  It  disputes  with  San  Augustine 
and  Santa  Fe  the  palm  of  seniority  among  cities  in  the 
United  States,  but  is  so  new  and  modern  as  to  surprise  the 
visitor.  It  is  a  place  of  elegant  residences  and  fine  hotels, 
and  the  characteristic  vegetation  of  the  country  affords  them 
charming  settings. 

The  assured  growth  of  the  city  makes  it  a  place  of  oppor- 
tunity commercially,  while  the  climate  of  this  elevated  plateau 
will  always  attract  those  who  wish  to  escape  from  cold  and 
storm  to  where  life  can  be  passed  largely  in  the  open.  The 
value  of  outdoor  air  is  one  of  the  latest  discoveries  of  modern 
civilization.  Tucson  has  a  population  of  about  17,000.  Write 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce  for  publications. 

Yuma. 

This  is  the  western  gateway  to  the  Southwest.  It  is  the 
capital  of  the  county  of  the  same  name,  and  lies  on  the  banks 
of  the  Colorado  River  on  the  main  line  of  the  Sunset  Route 
of  the  Southern  Pacific.  It  has  considerable  commercial  life, 

65 


r 


Bisbee  Public  School 

and  the  prospect  of  a  greatly  enlarged  growth.     The  irriga- 
tion   work    of   the    Government,    providing    for    the    develop- 
ment  of  large   tracts   of  land   and  a   dense   rural   populatio 
will  make  of  Yuma  a  good-sized  city.     There  are  now  su 
stantial    brick    and    stone    buildings,    comfortable    residence 
hotels,     schoolhouses     and     good     public     buildings,     with 
present   population    of   2,000.     The   climate   is   full   of  health, 
and  will  call  many  here  for  the  sake  of  the  dry  air  and  th 
charm  of  the  rainless  winters.     They  are  as  delightful  on  th 
nature  side  as  any  that  can  be  found  on  the  globe. 

Yuma  will  be  famous  some  day  for  its  fruits,  its  oranges 
lemons,  figs  and  dates.  That  the  latter  will  be  grown  her 
successfully  seems  beyond  question. 

The  completion  of  the  great  Laguna  dam  will  call  man 
settlers  here  and  insure  the  prosperity  of  Yuma.  A  vas 
country  will  be  tributary  to  it,  and  the  rich  lands  immediatel 
about  it,  once  under  the  ditch,  will  produce  amazingly. 

66 


Yuma's  climate  has  been  maligned  for  a  generation  by  a 
rude  joke.  Having  the  temperature  of  the  desert  in  gen- 
eral, the  heat  is  mitigated  by  a  grateful  air  current  which  daily 
moves  up  the  river,  and  by  the  deep  green  foliage  of  palms 
and  orange  groves.  It  will  steadily  be  affected  by  tree  plant- 
ing and  wide  fields  of  alfalfa.  Only  one-quarter  of  the  year  is 
hot.  The  other  summer  months — for  spring  and  fall  merge  with 
summer — are  pleasant,  and  six  months  are  wholly  delightful. 

There  are  no  finer  winters  in  the  world  than  those  on 
the  Colorado,  and,  if  summer  days  are  warm,  there  are  no 
prostrations  from  heat;  men  work  in  the  fields  as  a  matter 
of  course,  the  dry  air  producing  rapid  evaporation  from  the 
surface  of  the  body.  Besides,  we  cannot  grow  oranges  and 
ripen  the  fruit  of  the  date  palm  without  heat.  The  climate 
of  Yuma  is  full  of  health  and  will  not  stand  in  the  way  of 
its  growth  when  the  waters  of  the  Laguna  dam  are  ready  to 


Copper  Queen  Hotel,  Bisbee 
67 


be  turned  on  the  waiting  lands.  There  is  back  country 
enough  here  to  make  a  city,  and  the  extraordinary  growths 
that  will  be  produced  here  will  make  the  place  famous. 

Bisbee. 

This  is  the  wonderful  copper  town  of  the  southeastern 
county  of  Cochise.  It  is  fifty  miles  south  of  the  main  line  of 
the  Southern  Pacific,  on  the  line  of  the  El  Paso  and  South- 
western Railroad,  in  a  rugged  region,  not  far  from  the 
Mexican  border.  It  has  a  population  of  nearly  16,000  people, 
and  is  distinctly  a  mining  town.  Its  only  industry  is  mining, 
and  Bisbee  is  credited  with  being  the  greatest  producer  of 
copper  in  Arizona.  The  town  occupies  the  steep  slopes  of 
a  canyon,  the  bed  of  which  forms  the  main  street.  Roads 
are  carved  out  of  the  hillsides,  comfortable  dwellings  climb 
tier  upon  tier  to  the  very  top  and  reach  down  into  every  little 
nook  and  corner,  while  handsome  business  blocks  are  erected 
as  if  there  were  plenty  of  room.  Level  land  is  scarce  and  front 
foot  prices  are  almost  metropolitan. 

The  copper  output  of  the  Warren  district,  of  which 
Bisbee  is  the  hub,  is  12,500,000  pounds  per  month.  The 
Copper  Queen  alone  produces  8,000,000  pounds  of  blister 
copper  monthly.  More  than  4,500  men  are  employed  in  the 
two  great  mines,  the  Copper  Queen  and  the  Calumet  and 
Arizona,  and  many  o£  these  men  are  married  and  own  their 
own  homes.  Water  is  piped  in  across  the  valley  from  Naco, 
ten  miles  away. 

The  Woman's  Club  owns  its  club  house,  and  this  has 
become  a  center  in  the  social  life  of  the  town. 

Manual  training  is  part  of  the  regular  course  in  the 
schools,  and  there  are  four  churches. 


Douglas. 

Recently  the  smelters  of  two  of  the  largest  copper  com- 
panies of  Bisbee  have  been  removed  to  this  point.  Douglas 
is  twenty-seven  miles  from  Bisbee,  and  is  near  the  inter- 

68 


Dominion  Hotel,  Globe,  Ariz. 

national  boundary.  It  is  a  thriving  town  of  about  5,000 
people,  and,  following  the  location  of  the  great  smelters,  has 
grown  up  with  great  rapidity.  The  ores  from  Bisbee, 
Nacozari  and  other  points  are  reduced  here.  Douglas  is  on 
the  El  Paso  and  Southwestern,  at  its  junction  with  the  road 
running  from  Nacozari  in  Sonora,  and  called  the  Nacozari 
Railroad. 

Tombstone. 

This  famous  camp  with  a  peculiar  name  is  on  a  branch  of 
the  El  Paso  and  Southwestern,  a  short  distance  from  Fair- 
banks, the  junction  point.  Once  the  largest  mining  camp  in 
the  Southwest,  Tombstone  is  again  becoming  a  place  of 
importance.  For  ten  or  twelve  years  mining  has  been  pre- 
vented below  the  600-foot  level  by  a  flood  of  water.  This  is 
being  controlled  now  by  powerful  pumps,  and  shipments  of 


69 


ore  are  made  regularly.  Tombstone  is  a  silver  camp,  but 
gold  increases  as  lower  levels  are  reached,  and  free  gold 
in  handsome  specimens  is  not  uncommon.  Tombstone  is 
twenty-seven  miles  north  of  Bisbee. 


Naco. 

This  is  a  boundary  town  between  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
with  the  dividing  line  running  through  the  middle  of  a 
street.  Naco,  Arizona,  and  Naco,  Mexico,  are  thus  close 
neighbors.  The  Arizona  side  of  the  town  is  in  Cochise 
County,  and  as  Naco  is  the  junction  of  two  important  rail- 
roads— the  El  Paso  and  Southwestern  and  the  Cananea, 
Yaqui  River  and  Pacific  Railroad,  and  on  the  international 
boundary,  it  has  considerable  importance  as  a  port  of  entry. 
It  is  but  thirty  miles  to  the  great  copper  camp  of  Cananea, 
about  the  same  distance  to  the  smelter  city  of  Douglas,  and 
eight  miles  from  Bisbee. 

These  represent  an  aggregate  population  of  about  40,OOC 
and  provide  a  stable  market  for  all  products  of  the  soil  a 
top  notch  prices.  There  is  an  abundance  of  water  and 
thousands  of  acres  of  idle  land  immediately  contiguous  to 
Naco  can  be  easily  and  profitably  reclaimed.  The  soil 
fertile,  all  kinds  of  crops  and  many  kinds  of  fruit  do  we'll 
Occupied  with  the  treasures  underground,  the  land  that  wil 
grow  everything  has  been  neglected.  Naco  can  be  made 
garden  spot. 


Globe. 

This  prosperous  mining  town  is  the  county  seat  of  Gila 
County  and  has  a  population  of  8,000  people.  It  has  electric 
lights,  an  ice  plant  and  cold  storage,  four  banks,  three 
hotels — one,  the  Dominion,  of  superior  character — three 
schools  and  four  comfortable  church  buildings.  There  is  also 
a  public  library.  Many  new  buildings  are  in  course  of  con- 
struction, and  the  monthly  disbursement  of  about  $300,000  in 

70 


hard  cash  by  the  mines  is  the  secret  of  much  of  the  pros- 
perity of  Globe.  Credits  are  safe  and  collections  easy  be- 
cause incomes  are  regular  and  the  population  is  fairly  per- 
manent. 

Globe  is  a  copper  camp  and  has  many  valuable  mines,  of 
which  the  Old  Dominion  is  the  oldest  and  best  known.  The 
Phelps  Dodge  Company  has  large  interests  here,  and  is 
energetic,  liberal  in  its  policy,  strongly  organized,  with  great 
resources  and  perfect  equipment. 

While  mining  is  the  principal  source  of  revenue  for  the 
town,  stock-raising  cuts  considerable  figure,  and  in  the  dis- 
trict tributary  to  Globe  there  are  about  37,500  head  of  cattle. 
Horses  and  goats  are  also  raised. 

The  Tonto  Basin,  where  the  great  reservoir  is  being 
constructed  by  the  Reclamation  Service,  is  distant  about 
thirty-five  miles.  Some  fine  scenery  lies  along  the  route. 

The  town  is  a  terminal  point  for  the  Gila  Valley,  Globe 
and  Northern  Railroad,  which  leaves  the  main  Southern 
Pacific  line  at  Bowie.  Points  beyond  Globe  are  served  by 
stage  line.  A  lively  town,  it  has  a  promising  future.  Its 
citizens  say  that  "today  is  good  enough,  and  tomorrow  will 
be  better." 

Clifton. 

This  great  copper  camp  is  reached  from  Lordsburg,  New 
Mexico,  via  the  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  Railroad.  It  has 
vast  underground  fields  of  ore,  and  the  works  of  the  Arizona 
Copper  Company  are  said  to  be  the  largest  in  the  Territory. 
The  works  are  located  at  Clifton,  with  the  exception  of  a 
large  concentrator,  which  is  operated  at  Longfellow.  This 
pioneer  camp  of  the  Territory  is  a  prosperous  town  of 
5,000  people,  confined  chiefly  to  two  streets.  Half  a  dozen 
companies  operate  here,  and  the  active  development  work 
now  being  down  promises  much  for  the  growth  of  the  place. 
The  Arizona  Copper  Company  is  known  far  and  wide  for  its 
fairness  in  its  dealings  with  employees,  and  the  library  which  it 
provides  is  the  gathering  place  of  hundreds  of  men,  for 
whom  books  and  magazines  and  newspapers  are  supplied. 

71 


•F.BIW  K 


Hotel  Morenci,  Morenci 

The  town  is  picturesque,  and  has  some  good  residences 
school   buildings   and   churches. 


Morenci. 

This  prosperous  camp  is  in  the  Clifton  district  and  bti 
a  few  miles  distant  from  the  older  camp.  It  is  reached  by  a 
short  spur  from  the  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  Railroad.  Tin 
town  has  a  novel  situation,  being  built  at  the  bottom  an< 
around  the  sides  of  a  great  bowl,  with  no  outlook  save  when 
the  rim  is  broken  somewhat  at  a  single  point.  Here  an 
more  than  9,000  people,  and  the  bottom  of  the  hill  is  pierce( 
with  doorways  which  lead  to  the  ore-bodies.  The  mine 
are  dry,  clean,  cool,  free  from  damp  and  fumes,  and  the  town 
has  a  good  many  handsome  buildings.  The  Morenci  Hote 
is  elegant,  in  the  Moorish  style  -of  architecture,  and  has  th< 
air  of  an  aristocratic  club  house.  The  great  emporium  o 
the  Detroit  Copper  Company  is  a  department  store,  75  fee 

72 


wide  by  150  feet  long,  finely  fitted  up  and  filled  with  all 
kinds  of  goods.  The  company  has  built  and  now  maintains  a 
comfortable  clubhouse,  and  the  public  schools  are  housed  in  a 
handsome  brown-stone  building. 

Industrial  Townships. 

Sentinel,  Maricopa,  Casa  Grande,  Arizola,  Red  Rock, 
Vail,  Benson,  Dragoon,  Cochise,  Willcox  and  Bowie  are 
stations  on  the  Southern  Pacific  main  line;  several  of  them 
do  a  large  business. 

Willcox  is  the  center  of  the  cattle  industry  for  Eastern 
Arizona,  and  Cochise  is  the  junction  point  for  the  Arizona  and 
Colorado  Railroad,  which  runs  to  Pearce,  seventeen  miles,  a 
mining  town  in  Cochise  County. 

Maricopa  is  the  junction  point  of  the  Maricopa  and 
Phoenix  and  Salt  River  Valley  Railroad,  and  Bowie  is  at 
the  junction  of  the  Gila  Valley,  Globe  and  Northern  Rail- 
road. 

Commercial  Centers  on  the  Gila. 

Solomonsville,  Safford,  Thatcher  and  Pima  are  all  of  them 
rapidly  growing  centers,  catering  to  the  commercial  needs  of  a 
rich  and  still  developing  agricultural  region  along  the  Gila 
River.  They  are  provided  with  hotels,  schools  and  churches, 
and  have  a  population  ranging  from  five  hundred  to  a  thousand 
people.  Fort  Thomas  and  Geronimo  are  stations  further  down 
the  valley. 

The  Gila  Valley  is  a  farming  region  and  these  are  typical 
country  towns,  the  social  and  commercial  centers  of  the  pros- 
perous farming  communities  of  the  valley,  each  enjoying  the 
steady  growth  which  comes  with  the  development  of  the 
country. 

Here  is  a  land  of  much  promise,  capable  of  sustaining  and 
enriching  the  agriculturist  who  comes  westward  to  a  broader 
ind  more  generous  field,  where  the  earth,  lying  fallow  through 
:he  past  years,  needs  but  small  encouragement  to  yield  its  riches 
n  'abundance.  Water,  the  magic  of  the  modern  colonist  as  of  the 
)eoples  who  once  built  the  great  canal  which  once  turned  the 
insert  into  a  vast  harvest  field,  will  once  more  reclaim  Southern 
\iizona  to  its  original  use  and  intention,  a  vast  agricultural  area. 

73 


NEW    MEXICO. 

The  southwestern  corner  of  this  large  Territory  is  a  part  of 
the  farmer's  empire  of  the  Southwest.  The  time  has  come  for 
a  fuller  development  of  its  resources,  and,  as  in  Arizona,  the 
Government  is  engaged  in  the  development  of  water  on  a  large 
scale. 

The  Territory  as  a  whole  has  300  acres  of  land  to  each 
inhabitant  and  only  one  acre  out  of  every  300  is  under  cultiva- 
tion. Yet  there  is  a  vast  acreage  of  rich  land  that  can  be  irri- 
gated, and  the  climate  of  the  southern  section  is  half-tropical. 
The  three  counties  which  we  briefly  sketch  are  large,  about 
equal  in  combined  area  to  that  of  New  Jersey,  Connecticut  and 
Rhode  Island. 

Grant  County. 

This  borders  at  once  on  Arizona  and  Mexico,  and  is  the 
largest  of  the  three  counties.  In  the  northwestern  part,  the 
Gila  River  Valley  offers  some  good  land,  and  in  the  eastern  por- 
tion the  Mimbres  River  adds  to  the  farming  and  grazing  lands. 
Perhaps  150,000  acres  could  be  cultivated,  though  only  about 
66,000  acres  are  now  actually  productive. 

Lordsburg  is  the  principal  town,  situated  on  the  Southern 
Pacific  at  its  junction  with  the  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  and 
the  Lordsburg  and  Hachita  railroads.  It  is  a  division  point  on 
the  main  continental  line  and  stands  in  the  midst  of  much  good 
grazing  land.  Nearly  400,000  acres  in  this  county  are  still  sub- 
ject to  entry  under  the  land  law,  and  not  far  from  Lordsburj 
the  sunken  waters  of  the  Mimbres  can  be  raised  and  a  consider 
able  area  irrigated.  Apples  in  the  mountain  valleys  will  d( 
well. 

Luna  County. 

For  the  most  part  this  county  is  an  elevated  tablelan< 
producing  bunch  grass  and  other  pasture,  and  in  the  seasoi 
is  a  vast  flowery  plain.  Four-fifths  of  the  area  is  said  to  b< 
public  land. 

Deming,    the    county    town,    has    a    population    of    aboi 

74 


Pumping  Water  on  Desert,  Deming,  N.  M. 

3,000.  It  is  situated  on  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific,, 
is  the  terminal  point  of  the  Santa  Fe  from  Rincon  at  the 
north,  and  has  also  a  branch  line  forty-eight  miles  to  Silver 
City.  The  El  Paso  and  Southwestern  Railway  also  con- 
nects Deming  with  Southwestern  Arizona  and  Sonora.  The 
Mimbres  at  and  south  of  Deming  is  an  underground  stream, 
and  small  truck  farms  are  irrigated  from  wells.  The  un- 
appropriated land  in  this  vicinity  is  being  taken  up;  pumps  and 
windmills  will  raise  the  submerged  river  for  purposes  of  irriga- 
tion. Along  the  upper  stretches  of  the  river  a  good  deal  of  land 
is  under  cultivation. 

Deming  ships  many  cattle  and  the  cutting  of  hay  on  the- 
plains  brings  the  farmers  large  returns. 


75 


Dona  Ana  County. 

This  is  called  the  Garden  of  New  Mexico,  and,  as  it  is 
about  twice  the  size  of  the  State  of  Delaware,  it  is  seen  to 
be  something  of  a  garden.  About  1,750,000  acres  are  still 
subject  to  entry  under  Federal  laws.  Much  of  the  county 
lies  within  the  basin  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  water  is 
abundant  to  make  an  Eden  of  this  region.  At  present  the 
means  of  irrigation  are  inadequate  and  the  methods  of  cul- 
ture primitive.  Lands  have  descended  by  inheritance  and 
been  divided  up  until  they  lie  in  strips  with  but  a  few  feet 
frontage  on  the  river.  Much  water  could  be  developed  by 
sinking  wells,  as  there  is  a  tremendous  underflow. 

The  Government  by  its  Reclamation  Service  has  com- 
pleted the  preliminary  work  for  a  great  dam  at  Elephant 
Butte  and  a  diverting  dam  at  Penasco  Rock,  by  which  110,000 
acres  will  be  reclaimed. 

Mesilla  Valley  represents  the  largest  body  of  cultivated 
land  within  the  Territory  and  Las  Cruces  is  the  chief  town. 

The  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  is  tributary  to  El  Paso, 
Texas,  which  here  occupies  the  extreme  western  part  of 
the  State,  where  the  river  separates  Mexico  and  New  Mexico 
from  Texas.  It  is  a  city  of  about  30,000  inhabitants,  and 
mining,  live  stock  and  agriculture  make  it  an  important 
center. 

The  region  is  one  of  opportunity,  the  price  of  lands  low, 
the  climate  delightful  and  the  market  at  hand.  El  Paso  will 
become  a  large  city.  Around  it  is  room  for  a  population  that 
will  live  by  the  soil.  The  cost  of  storing  water  here  will  impose 
a  charge  of  $40  an  acre,  but  the  farmer  who  knows  the  situation 
welcomes  the  cost,  which,  as  elsewhere,  is  distributed  through 
a  period  of  ten  years,  and  will  then  cease.  Under  irrigation  the 
farmer  will  have  the  advantage  of  good  climate,  a  sure  crop,  and 
large  yield. 


SONORA  AND   BEYOND. 


Southern    Arizona    has    a    rich    neighbor    on    the    south. 
Commercial  intercourse  is  already  provided  for  by  three  gate- 

77 


ways  which  open  into  Mexico.  These  are  the  El  Paso  and 
Southwestern  Railroad,  connecting  with  the  Nacozari  Rail 
road  at  Douglas,  and  with  the  Cananea,  Yaqui  River  and 
Pacific  Railroad  at  Naco.  From  Tucson  regular  trains  run 
to  Nogales  on  the  Mexican  boundary  line,  connecting  there 
with  the  Sonora  Railroad  to  Guaymas,  260  miles.  This  is  < 
branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific,  and  is  being  extended  to 
Mazatlan  and  Guadalajara.  From  El  Paso  the  Mexican 
Central  reaches  southward  to  the  great  cities  and  ports  o: 
Mexico,  putting  the  heart  of  an  immense  and  immensely  rich 
and  densely  populated  region  in  direct  connection  with  the 
Sunset  Route  and  the  cities  of  the  Southwest. 

The  Southern  Pacific  line  down  the  west  coast  to 
Guadalajara  will  put  Tucson  and  other  cities  of  Southern 
Arizona  in  close  touch  with  the  City  of  Mexico.  One  of  the 
richest  sections  of  the  Mexican  republic  lies  along  the  Pacific 
Coast  and  the  Gulf  of  California.  This  coast  region  includes 
the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Madre  and  a  strip  of  lowland 
a  hundred  miles  or  more  in  width  between  the  foothills  and 
the  sea,  and  is  comparatively  little  known,  even  to  the  rest 
of  Mexico.  It  is  sparsely  settled  and  its  very  great  natural 
resources  almost  undeveloped.  Supplies  of  mining  machinery 
and  agricultural  implements,  food  supplies,  and  many  other  forms 
of  merchandise  will  be  drawn  from  across  the  border  of  Arizona. 

CANANEA. 

The  great  copper  camp  of  Cananea  is  but  forty  miles  below 
Naco,  on  the  border,  and  is  but  in  its  infancy.  Already  6,000,000 
pounds  of  refined  copper  are  sent  to  market  every  month,  the 
production  of  which  supports  more  than  15,000  people. 
Cananea  is  less  than  seven  years  old,  yet  is  a  substantial  and 
well-built  city.  The  agricultural  wealth  of  Sonora  is  very  great, 
to  a  great  extent  indeed  unsuspected,  the  valleys  of  Magdalena, 
San  Miguel,  Sonora,  Moctezuma,  Sahuaripa  and  other  rivers 
including  much  valuable  land,  while  there  are  wide  savannas 
where  vast  herds  of  cattle  may  graze  or  broad  grain  fields  wave, 
and  an  abundant  water  supply  at  the  lower  end  of  the  Sonora 
and  San  Miguel  valleys. 

78 


A   FARMER'S    REGION. 

The  great  agricultural  region  of  Sonora,  however,  is  the 
Yaqui  River  Valley  and  the  valley  of  the  Mayo,  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  State,  where  broad  alluvial  plains,  em- 
bracing several  million  acres,  have  the  waters  of  two 
great  rivers  for  irrigation.  A  principality  is  included  in  these 
two  valleys  and  their  deltas  on  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of 
California. 

In  many  cases  Sonora  and  the  regions  beyond  are  directly 
j tributary  to  Arizona,  and  the  border  towns  find  their  com- 
mercial relations  with  the  south  very  profitable.  Nogales 
enjoys  a  large  trade  with  the  interior  of  Sonora,  with  mining 
j  camps  and  commercial  cities.  There  is  a  large  trade  in  live 
I  stock,  and  several  of  the  heavy  banking  houses  in  the  interior 
of  the  republic  have  agencies  at  Nogales. 

GUAYMAS. 

The  commercial  metropolis  of  the  State  of  Sonora  is  the 
seaport  of  Guaymas,  a  place  destined  to  great  importance  in 
the  world  of  commerce  and  to  great  popularity  as  a  winter 


Cananea,  Mexico 
79 


resort.  The  rainy  season  in  Sonora  comes  in  midsummer,  I 
and  the  winters  are  said  to  be  "unbroken  successions  of  balmy  I 
days  and  delicious  nights." 

The    fishing    at    Guaymas    is    rapidly    attracting    the    atten-  I 
tion  of  angler-sportsmen  from  East  and  West.     Big  catches  I 
of   albicore,    giant    sunfish,    jewfish,    tuna,    yellowtail,    barracuda,] 
bonito,  kingfish,  and  other  game  varieties  of  the  finny  deni- 
zens of  southern  waters,  never  fail  to  be  registered,  even  by 
those  who  do  not  rate  themselves  experts  with  the  hook  and 
line. 

The  entire  southwest  region  holds  much  of  interest  to 
the  tourist.  Aside  from  the  balmy  climate,  the  tropical 
character  of  the  foliage,  the  picturesque  life  of  the  natives, 
there  are  many  examples  of  fine  mission  architecture  well 
worth  more  than  a  casual  visit.  The  remarkable  progress 
along  commercial  and  industrial  lines  is  making  travel  for 
the  globe-trotter  more  extensive  and  more  enjoyable  every 
day. 

With  the  extension  and  development  of  the  lines  of  trans- 
portation already  established,  the  Southwest,  from  Nogale 
to  El  Paso,  will  have  increasing  intercourse  with  Mexico 
and  will  profit  by  all  the  remarkable  progress  which  tha 
country  is  making.  The  period  since  May,  1905,  whet 
Mexico  passed  from  a  silver  to  a  gold  basis,  has  been  th 
most  prosperous  in  the  history  of  the  country.  The  busines 
of  the  railroads  has  greatly  increased,  as  fast,  in  fact,  as  the} 
could  handle  it,  and  every  railroad  in  Mexico  has  been  force 
to  add  to  its  equipment. 

It  only  remains  to  say  that  here  is  a  section  of  the  grea 
Southwest  worthy  of  the  attention  of  every  homeseeker  an 
investor.  This  portion  of  Southern  Arizona  and  corner  of 
Mexico,  and  this  land  of  Sonora  in  Old  Mexico  offer  great  com 
mercial  and  industrial  advantages.  The  agricultural  wealth  i 
very  great  and  the  next  ten  years  will  see  an  immense  increas 
of  population.  Those  who  wish  to  know  more  of  Sonora  wil 
do  well  to  send  for  the  booklet  "Sonora,"  published  by  th 
Sonora  Railway,  M.  O.  Bicknell,  General  Passenger  Agen 
Tucson,  Ariz. 


Southern  Pacific  Publications 


The  following  books,  descriptive  of  the  different  sections  of  country  named, 
ive  been  prepared  with  great  care  from  notes  and  data  gathered  by  local  agents 
ith  a  special  eye  to  fullness  and  accuracy.  They  are  up-to-date  hand  books,  about 
ve  by  seven  inches  in  size,  profusely  illustrated  from  the  best  photographs,  and 
rm  a  series  invaluable  to  the  tourist,  the  settler,  and  the  investor.  They  will  be 
nt  to  any  address,  postage  paid,  on  receipt  ot  five  cents  each,  twelve  cents  for 
,  o:  fifteen  cents  for  four. 

THE  SACRAMENTO  VALLEY  OF  CALIFORNIA,   96   pages,   5x7   in. 
THE  SAN   JOAQUIN   VALLEY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  96  pages,   5x7   in. 
THE  COAST  COUNTRY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  96  pages,  5x7  in. 
CALIFORNIA   SOUTH  OF  TEHACHAPI,  96  pages,   5x7  in. 
INGS    AND   KERN    CANYONS   AND    GIANT        BIG  TREES  OF  CALIFORNIA,  20  pages,  7  \ 

FOREST,    3J    pages,    5x7    in.  10    in.       (In    preparation.) 

AKK  TAHOE  AND  THE  HIGH   SIERRA,   48        WAYSIDE     NOTES     ALONG     THE     SUNSET 
pages,    5    x    7    in.  ROUTE,    96    pages,    5x7    in.      (In 

NEW    NEVADA,    So    pages,    5x7    in.  preparation.) 

YOSEMITE     VALLEY    AND    THE    MAKIPOSA 
GROVE,   48   pages,   5x7   in. 


The    following   publications,   most   of   which   are   illustrated,   will    be   sent    free   of 
large,   but  one  cent   for  each   in   stamps  should  be  enclosed   for  postage: 

ic,   TREE    FOLDER.  OREGON,  WASHINGTON,  IDAHO. 

IG   TREE    PRIMER.  ORANGE    PRIMER. 

v   TAHOE   SHORES,    folder.  PRUNE    PRIMER. 

U.IFORNIA  CLIMATIC  MAP,   folder.  PASO    ROBLES   HOT    SPRINGS,    booklet. 

.  MI-ING    FOLDER.  SHASTA  RESORTS,  folder. 

\T   CALIFORNIA   FRUIT.  SETTLERS'  PRIMER. 

.AMATH  COUNTRY,  booklet.  THE   INSIDE   TRACK,   booklet. 

M     NEVADA  FARM,  booklet.  WH;:RE  COOL  SEA  BREEZES  BLOW,  folder. 


Si  \SI.T  MAGAZINE — A  beautifully  illustrated  monthly  magazine  dealing  with 
id  and  seas  west  of  the  Rockies,  192-224  pages.  Best  of  Western  stories  and 
scriptive  matter.  Including  magnificent  premium,  Road  of  a  Thousand  Wonders, 
th  125  beautiful  Pacific  Coast  views  in  four  colors.  The  annual  subscription  is 
50.  isc  per  copy.  Any  news-stand,  or  Flood  Building,  San  Francisco. 


Requests    should    be    addressed    to    CHAS.    S.    FEE,    Passenger    Traffic    Manager, 
UTHERN   PACIFIC,  Flood  Building,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


Every  Month 
Something  New  About 
The  West 


Irrigation,  Ranching,  Mining  or  Cattle 
Raising, —  New  Homes  for  New  Set- 
tlers,— The  Exponent  of  the  Land  Be- 
yond the  Rockies 

Sunset  Magazine 


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With  every  yearly  subscription,  the  book  "Road  of 
a  Thousand  Wonders,"  75  pages,  on  finest  quality 
paper,  125  colored  views  of  the  most  picturesque 
spots  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

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